Halogenoalkanes

• What is the mechanism involved in halogenoalkane reactions?

  Nucleophilic substitution
• What is the role of sodium hydroxide in nucleophilic substitution?

  It acts as a nucleophile
• What is the effect of warming in nucleophilic substitution reactions?

  It increases the reaction rate
• What is the reagent used in warm ethanolic nucleophilic substitution?

  Potassium cyanide
• What happens when halogenoalkanes react with ethanolic ammonia?

  They form amines
• What is the product of heating halogenoalkanes with ethanolic ammonia?

  Amino compounds
• What is the role of sodium hydroxide in the reaction with halogenoalkanes?

  It provides hydroxide ions
• What type of compound is formed when halogenoalkanes react with sodium hydroxide?

  Alcohols
• How does the reaction of halogenoalkanes with sodium hydroxide differ from that with ammonia?

  Hydroxide forms alcohols, ammonia forms amines
• What is the general outcome of nucleophilic substitution reactions?

  Replacement of a leaving group
• What are the key reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes?

  • Sodium hydroxide or potassium cyanide
  • Warm conditions
  • Ethanolic solvent
• What are the products formed from halogenoalkanes when reacted with different nucleophiles?

  • With sodium hydroxide: Alcohols
  • With ammonia: Amines
  • With potassium cyanide: Nitriles