PCOS

    Cards (25)

    • What is the primary characteristic of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
      Hyperandrogenism, ovulation disorders, polycystic morphology
    • What are common signs and symptoms of PCOS?
      Oligomenorrhoea, hirsutism, acne, subfertility
    • What investigations are used in the diagnosis of PCOS?
      Hormonal assays and imaging techniques
    • What is the definition of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
      • Disorder characterised by:
      • Hyperandrogenism (oligomenorrhoea, hirsutism, acne)
      • Ovulation disorders
      • Polycystic ovarian morphology
    • How common is PCOS among women of reproductive age?
      Affects up to a quarter of women
    • What is the aetiology of PCOS?
      The precise aetiology remains undetermined
    • What hormonal imbalances are implicated in PCOS?
      Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, elevated LH, raised oestrogen
    • What are the signs and symptoms of PCOS?
      • Oligomenorrhoea
      • Subfertility
      • Acne
      • Hirsutism
      • Obesity
      • Mood changes (depression, anxiety)
      • Male pattern baldness
      • Acanthosis nigricans
    • What are the differential diagnoses for PCOS?
      • Menopause
      • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia
      • Androgen-secreting tumours
      • Cushing's syndrome
    • What characterizes menopause in differential diagnosis?
      Cessation of menstruation, hot flashes
    • What are the symptoms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?
      Signs of androgen excess like hirsutism
    • What symptoms are associated with hyperprolactinaemia?
      Irregular periods, galactorrhoea, infertility
    • What characterizes Cushing's syndrome?
      Weight gain, purple stretch marks, easy bruising
    • What investigations are pivotal in diagnosing PCOS?
      • Clinical examination for hyperandrogenism
      • Blood tests (LH:FSH ratio, total testosterone)
      • Fasting and oral glucose tolerance tests
      • Imaging (ultrasound for ovarian morphology)
    • What does an increased LH:FSH ratio indicate in PCOS diagnosis?
      Helps differentiate from menopause
    • What is the Rotterdam Diagnostic Criteria for PCOS?
      At least two of three criteria must be met
    • What are the criteria for diagnosing PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria?
      • Polycystic ovaries (>12 cysts or volume >10 cm³)
      • Oligo-/anovulation
      • Clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism
    • What are the management strategies for PCOS?
      • Conservative: Weight loss, exercise, education
      • Medical (not planning pregnancy): Co-cyprindrol, COCP, Metformin
      • Medical (wishing to conceive): Clomiphene, Metformin, Gonadotrophins
      • Surgical (wishing to conceive): Ovarian drilling
    • What is the role of Metformin in PCOS management?
      Regularises menstruation, reduces hirsutism, acne
    • What is the purpose of ovarian drilling in PCOS treatment?
      Damages hormone-producing cells of the ovary
    • What are the complications associated with PCOS?
      • Infertility
      • Metabolic syndrome and dyslipidaemia
      • Type 2 diabetes
      • Cardiovascular disease
      • Hypertension
      • Obstructive sleep apnoea
    • How does PCOS affect the risk of Type 2 diabetes?
      Increases risk by approximately two fold
    • What is the relationship between PCOS and cardiovascular disease?
      Likely a consequence of metabolic complications
    • What is the risk of hypertension in women with PCOS?
      Greater risk in premenopausal women
    • What causes obstructive sleep apnoea in PCOS patients?
      Result of obesity and metabolic changes
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