4- organic compounds

• What is a hydrocarbon?

  A compound of carbon and hydrogen only
• What determines the principal characteristic properties of a molecule?

  The functional group in the molecule
• What type of bonds does a saturated compound contain?

  C to C single bonds
• What type of bonds does an unsaturated compound contain?

  C to C multiple bonds
• What is the process to find the longest carbon chain in a compound?

  1. Identify and number the longest C chain.
  2. Determine the code for the compound's name.
• What does the term "organic compounds" historically refer to?

  Compounds derived from living species
• Why is it important to know the homologous series when naming organic compounds?

  It helps identify the functional group present
• What are the homologous series mentioned in the study material?

  • Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons
  • Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with C=C double bond
  • Haloalkanes: hydrogen replaced by halogen
  • Primary (1°) alcohols: contain -OH group
  • Carboxylic acids: contain -COOH group
• What is the code for one carbon in organic compound naming?

  meth
• What is the code for five carbons in organic compound naming?

  pent
• What is the code for nine carbons in organic compound naming?

  non
• What is the code for two carbons in organic compound naming?

  eth
• What is the code for six carbons in organic compound naming?

  hex
• What is the code for ten carbons in organic compound naming?

  dec
• What is the code for three carbons in organic compound naming?

  prop
• What is the code for seven carbons in organic compound naming?

  hept
• What is the code for four carbons in organic compound naming?

  but
• What is the code for eight carbons in organic compound naming?

  oct
• What are the rules for naming organic compounds?

  1. Find the longest continuous carbon chain.
  2. Number the C atoms for smallest substituent numbers.
  3. Use prefixes (di, tri, tetra) for multiple side chains.
  4. Maintain alphabetical order of branch names.
• What is the name of the -CH₃ group?

  Methyl
• What does the displayed formula show?

  All the bonds in the molecule
• What does the molecular formula display?

  Total number of atoms of each element
• What is a skeletal formula?

  A simplified representation of the molecule
• What is a homologue in organic chemistry?

  A series differing by a CH₂ group
• What are the characteristics of a homologous series?

  1. General formula representation.
  2. Differ by a CH₂ unit.
  3. Similar chemical properties.
  4. Gradual change in physical properties with molecular mass.
• What is the empirical formula based on?

  The ratio of atoms in a compound
• How do you calculate the empirical formula from masses?

  Use mass ratios of elements
• What is the empirical formula for a hydrocarbon with 0.205 g burned producing 0.600 g CO₂ and 0.225 g H₂O?

  CH₂
• How do you find the molecular formula from the empirical formula?

  Use the molar mass ratio
• What is the molecular formula if the empirical formula is CH₂ and Mr is approximately 80?

  C₆H₁₂
• What is the empirical formula for a compound with C = 60.0%, H = 13.3%, O = 26.7%?


  C₅H₂O
• What is the molecular formula if the empirical formula is C₅H₂O and Mr is 60?

  C₅H₁₀O
• What are the types of structural isomerism?

  1. Chain isomerism
  2. Position isomerism
  3. Functional group isomerism
• What is chain isomerism?

  Different arrangements of the carbon chain
• What is position isomerism?

  Functional group in different positions
• What is functional group isomerism?

  Different functional groups present
• What is E-Z isomerism?

  • Consists of cis and trans isomers.
  • Rotation about the double bond is restricted.
• What is the significance of E-Z isomerism?

  It affects physical and chemical properties
• How do you determine E-Z isomers?

  By comparing atoms attached to double bond carbons
• What happens to the physical properties of E-Z isomers?

  They can differ due to functional group arrangement