Lecture 1: Bones

• What does the skeletal system provide for the body?

  Structural framework
• What are bones composed of?

  Living structures with blood vessels
• What is one key function of bones?

  Support
• How do bones protect vital organs?

  By shielding them with structure
• What do bones store as a reservoir?

  Minerals
• What is hematopoiesis?

  Formation of blood cells in bone marrow
• What does the axial skeleton include?

  • Skull
  • Vertebral Column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
• What is the primary role of the axial skeleton?

  Central core support of the body
• What does the appendicular skeleton support?

  • Limb movement
  • Includes thoracic and pelvic limbs
• What are the components of the thoracic limbs?

  Scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus, phalanges
• What are the components of the pelvic limbs?

  Pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges
• What is the visceral skeleton composed of?

  • Bones within organs
  • Examples: Os penis, Os cordis
• What are the classifications of bones?

  • Long Bones: Femur, humerus
  • Short Bones: Carpals, tarsals
  • Flat Bones: Skull, ribs
  • Irregular Bones: Vertebrae
  • Sesamoid Bones: Patella
• What is the function of long bones?

  Movement and support
• What do flat bones primarily provide?

  Protection and muscle attachment
• What is compact bone known for?

  Density and strength
• What does spongy bone contain?

  Marrow
• What are the features of the skull across species?

  • Protection of the brain
  • Framework for feeding and breathing
  • Attachment sites for muscles
• What are the skull types in dogs?

  • Dolichocephalic
  • Mesaticephalic
  • Brachycephalic
• What is a characteristic of dolichocephalic skulls?

  Long, narrow skull
• What is a feature of brachycephalic skulls?

  Short facial compartment
• What is the function of the frontal bone?

  Forms the roof of the cranium
• What is a unique feature of cattle skulls?

  Complete orbit fully enclosed by bone
• What is the os rostri in pigs?

  A unique bone in the nose
• What is the beak in birds adapted for?

  Feeding
• What are the unique structures in skulls across species?

  • Os Rostri in pigs
  • Cornual Process in cattle
  • Beak in birds
• What are species-specific adaptations in skulls?

  • Cattle and Horses: Strengthened for grazing
  • Dogs: Variable types for functions
  • Pigs: Strong nasal region for rooting
  • Birds: Lightweight for flight
• What is the role of the mandible?

  Feeding and muscle attachment
• What are the mandibular features in dogs?

  • Deep masseteric fossa
  • Short diastema
  • Long coronoid process
• What is a characteristic of cattle's mandible?

  Wide and long diastema
• What is the unique feature of horse's mandible?

  Convex condyloid process
• What is the structure of a bird's mandible?

  Two thin bones fused rostrally
• What is the function of the hyoid apparatus?

  • Supports tongue, pharynx, larynx
  • Involved in swallowing and vocalization
• What are the features of the hyoid apparatus in dogs and cats?

  • Long epihyoid
  • Cylindrical stylohyoid
  • Absent lingual process
• What is a unique feature of cattle's hyoid apparatus?

  Short lingual process on basihyoid
• What is the structure of the atlas in birds?

  Small ring articulating with occipital condyle
• What are the features of the axis in dogs?

  • Tooth-like dens
  • Adapted for precise head movements
• What are the features of thoracic vertebrae in dogs?

  • Tallest spinous process at T1
  • Anticlinal vertebra at T11
• What is unique about the lumbar vertebrae in birds?

  • Fused into synsacrum
  • Provides rigidity for flight
• What are the features of sacrum vertebrae in horses?

  • Triangular shape
  • Unfused spinous processes