ethics

    Cards (30)

    • ethics
      science of morals and rules of behaviour
    • why important
      no risk physical and mental harm
      some areas beyond reach of psychological investigation
      clarify condition psychology research accepted
      members abide by code of conduct
    • history
      1953= 1st ethic code
      increased need psychology post-war for industrial consulting mental health
      1959= revision ethical codes= readable, simplified, user-friendly
      unethical studies carried until ethics codes and standards 2011
    • violation of ethic code
      uncertain reason
      • delay loftier standards of revision ethic codes
      • higher awareness consumers and complaints
    • tuskegee syphilis experiment
      studied symptoms of syphilis on african-american men
      infected some= didn't treat or inform
      100+ men died
      bill jenkins=campaigned against racial discrimination to end project
      peter buxton= ended when leaked story to press
    • belmont report
      protect subjects= clinical trials and research studies
      3 principles
      • respect for person (application= informed consent)
      • beneficence= maximise benefits and minimise risks (application= assessment risk and benefit)
      • justice= benefits and risks distributed fairly (application= selection of participants)
    • BPS code of ethics and conduct
      respect= dignity and worth
      competence= continuing development and maintaining high standards
      responsibility= client, public, science of psychology
      integrity= honesty, accuracy clarity, fairness
      APA= similar values
    • consent
      inform all participants of objectives, expected duration, risks, procedures, consent
    • deception
      must avoid unless justified by significant beneficial value
    • debriefing
      inform true purpose= increase understanding
      active intervention= participants leave in state they entered
      delayed= less effective
    • withdrawal
      should inform can at any time
      right to destroy data in their presence
    • confidentiality
      not reveal identity unless prior consent
      record, process, store avoid disclosure
      data protection act 1984 and 1998
      general data protection regulation 2016 EU
    • protection
      physical and mental harm
      no greater risk than encounter normal life
    • observational research
      not informed consent= respect privacy and well-being
      in place situations would normally be in public view
    • giving advice
      provide advice and professional help
      only when qualified
    • milgrams experiment
      accomplices reason for killings was following orders of authority figure
    • deception
      falsely believed
      • memory and learning study
      • person was participant
      • picked teacher
      • electric shocks
      • pain and protests
    • debriefing
      interviewed and given psychological tests to make sure no negative effects
      told behaviour is normal and to not feel shame
      told shocks fake
      met confederate
      year later= 40 participants interviewed psychiatrist
    • protection of participants
      large number had degree tension extreme
      1 participant sent letter appreciation= registered as conscientious objector for vietnam war
    • informed consent
      deception
    • right to withdraw
      not explicitly told
      point of research encourage them to stay
    • why allowed
      at time revised version
      expected to follow law
      discrepancy principle 2
      findings outweighed ethical standards
      suffered consequences professional life
      • worked lower rank
      • struggle find work
      • APA held up membership application
    • law vs ethics
      APA code not law
      violated= not legally liable
      patient discloses breaking law= therapist must report it
    • violation ethical codes APA
      apply sanctions
      • terminate membership
      • notify bodies and individuals
    • violation ethical codes BPS
      ethical or practical dilemma= resolution in institutions
    • duties of confidentiality
      consent form is a contract
      disclosure is a breach
      exception if public interest disclose
    • human right article 8
      right to respect for private and family life
    • mental capacity act 2005
      participants age 16+ lack capacity consent need ethical approval by committee
    • freedom of information act 2000
      right to access recorded information
      exception
      • personal data
      • information subject confidentiality agreement
    • data protection and GDPR 2018
      processing personal data
      rights people have with data
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