Long Term Memory

• What are the types of long-term memory?

  Episodic, semantic, procedural
• What are the differences between episodic, semantic, and procedural memory?

  • Episodic: Personal experiences, time-stamped, conscious recall
  • Semantic: Facts and knowledge, not time-stamped, conscious recall
  • Procedural: Skills and actions, implicit recall, no conscious effort
• What does the Atkinson and Shiffrin model propose about long-term memory?

  It presents a unitary model of long-term memory
• What did Tulving suggest about long-term memory?

  It is a multi-part system with subsystems
• What type of memory is episodic memory?

  Declarative memory (explicit)
• How do episodic and semantic memories differ in terms of personal relevance?

  Episodic is personal; semantic is general knowledge
• What is the significance of time-stamping in episodic memory?


  It indicates when the event occurred
• What is the nature of procedural memory?

  Memory for skilled behaviors, implicit recall
• How does procedural memory develop?

  Through early life learning of motor skills
• What is the role of neuro-imaging evidence in memory research?

  It supports the separation of memory types
• What did Tulving et al. (1989) find regarding memory tasks?

  Episodic memories activate the pre-frontal cortex
• How can knowledge of different types of LTM be applied in real life?

  To develop treatment programs for cognitive impairments
• What does the case study of Clive Wearing illustrate about LTM?

  Different types of memory can be selectively impaired
• What are the limitations of case study methods in memory research?

  Lack of control over variables and generalizability
• How do episodic, semantic, and procedural memories function in daily life?

  • Episodic: Recall personal events (e.g., birthdays)
  • Semantic: Use factual knowledge (e.g., tool names)
  • Procedural: Perform skills without conscious effort (e.g., skateboarding)
• How does the retrieval process differ among the types of LTM?

  Episodic requires effort; procedural is automatic
• What is the main characteristic of semantic memory?

  It contains general knowledge about the world
• What is the difference between declarative and procedural memory?

  Declarative is conscious; procedural is unconscious
• How does the cognitive interview improve eyewitness testimony?

  It enhances recall through structured questioning
• How do the memories of Annie, Germaine, and Billy illustrate different types of LTM?

  Annie shows procedural; Germaine shows episodic; Billy shows semantic
• What is the role of effort in recalling episodic memories?

  It requires conscious effort to retrieve
• What type of memory is involved in riding a bike?

  Procedural memory
• What is the significance of time-stamping in episodic memory?


  It indicates when the event occurred
• How does semantic memory differ from episodic memory in terms of personal relevance?

  Semantic is general knowledge; episodic is personal
• What is the nature of procedural memory?

  Memory for skills and actions, implicit recall
• What is the role of neuro-imaging evidence in memory research?

  It supports the separation of memory types
• What did Tulving et al. (1989) find regarding memory tasks?

  Episodic memories activate the pre-frontal cortex
• How can knowledge of different types of LTM be applied in real life?

  To develop treatment programs for cognitive impairments
• What does the case study of Clive Wearing illustrate about LTM?

  Different types of memory can be selectively impaired
• What are the limitations of case study methods in memory research?

  Lack of control over variables and generalizability
• How do episodic, semantic, and procedural memories function in daily life?

  • Episodic: Recall personal events (e.g., birthdays)
  • Semantic: Use factual knowledge (e.g., tool names)
  • Procedural: Perform skills without conscious effort (e.g., skateboarding)
• How does the retrieval process differ among the types of LTM?

  Episodic requires effort; procedural is automatic
• What is the main characteristic of semantic memory?

  It contains general knowledge about the world
• What is the difference between declarative and procedural memory?

  Declarative is conscious; procedural is unconscious
• How does the cognitive interview improve eyewitness testimony?

  It enhances recall through structured questioning
• How do the memories of Annie, Germaine, and Billy illustrate different types of LTM?

  Annie shows procedural; Germaine shows episodic; Billy shows semantic
• What is the role of effort in recalling episodic memories?

  It requires conscious effort to retrieve
• What type of memory is involved in riding a bike?

  Procedural memory
• What is the significance of time-stamping in episodic memory?


  It indicates when the event occurred
• How does semantic memory differ from episodic memory in terms of personal relevance?

  Semantic is general knowledge; episodic is personal