Organic chemistry

• What is the first step in recognizing functional groups and identifying members of the same homologous series?

  Recall the prefixes and suffixes
• What does the prefix "Meth-" indicate in a compound's name?

  1 carbon atom
• What does the prefix "Eth-" indicate in a compound's name?

  2 carbon atoms
• What does the prefix "Prop-" indicate in a compound's name?

  3 carbon atoms
• What does the prefix "But-" indicate in a compound's name?

  4 carbon atoms
• What is the suffix for alkenes?

  ene
• What is the suffix for alkanes?

  ane
• What is the suffix for alcohols?

  ol
• What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

  anoic acid
• What are the first four members of the straight chain alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids?

  Alkanes: methane, ethane, propane, butane

  Alkenes: ethene, propene, butene, pentene

  Alcohols: methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

  Carboxylic acids: methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid
• What is the reaction of alkanes with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water called?

  Combustion
• What is the reaction of alkenes with bromine called?

  Addition of bromine
• What is the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen called?

  Addition of hydrogen
• What is the reaction of alcohols with potassium manganate(VII) to produce carboxylic acids called?

  Oxidation
• What are the basic principles of addition polymerisation?

  Addition polymerisation involves the removal of a C=C double bond from an alkene (monomer) to produce a polymer.

  The repeat unit is just the monomer without the C=C double bond.

  Addition polymerisation involves the removal of a C=C double bond to form a –C-C- bond, i.e. it joins up unsaturated molecules to form a long saturated molecule.
• What is the basic principle of condensation polymerisation?

  A small molecule is formed as a by-product each time a bond is formed between two monomers
• What are the functional groups that react to form condensation polymers?

  Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> polyester

  Amine + carboxylic acid -> polyamide

  Amino acid -> protein
• How do you find the repeat unit of a condensation polymer?

  Look for a chunk that involves each functional group only once
• What is the method of representing polymers called?

  Block diagrams
• What is the process of separating crude oil by fractional distillation?

  The oil is heated in the fractionating column and the oil evaporates and condenses at a number of different temperatures.
• What is the generality of reactions of functional groups that determine the reactions of organic compounds?

  Functional groups determine the reactions of organic compounds
• What are the four nucleotides that make up DNA?

  Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T)
• What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

  A monomer is a small molecule, while a polymer is a large molecule made up of many monomers
• How do the properties of alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols differ?

  Alkanes are saturated, alkenes are unsaturated, and alcohols are polar
• What is the purpose of fractional distillation in separating crude oil?

  To separate the different components of crude oil based on their boiling points
• What is the process to find the repeat unit of a polymer from its monomer?

  Remove C=C to get repeat unit and repeat this process
• What is the general formula for the nucleotides in DNA?

  Four different monomers: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
• Why do cells need nucleotides to function properly?

  They are the building blocks of DNA and RNA
• What is the process of fractional distillation used for?

  Separation of crude oil into fractions
• How does the fractionating column work in fractional distillation?

  Heated crude oil is piped in at the bottom and vaporized oil rises up the column
• What are the fractions obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil?

  Refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, lubricating oil, and bitumen
• Why are longer chained alkanes collected towards the bottom in fractional distillation?

  Due to their high boiling points and strong intermolecular forces
• What is the formula of the compounds in the alkane homologous series?

  CnH2n+2
• What is crude oil a main source of?

  Hydrocarbons
• Why is modern life dependent on hydrocarbons?

  Hydrocarbons are used in many products such as fuels, chemicals, and materials
• What are the uses of each fraction obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil?

  Refinery gas for bottled gas, gasoline for fuel, naphtha for making chemicals, and others
• What is the process of cracking used for?

  To produce smaller, more useful molecules from hydrocarbons
• What are the products of cracking?

  Alkanes and alkenes (or hydrogen)
• What is a chemical cell?

  A device that produces a potential difference until the reactants are used up
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells?

  Advantages: greater efficiency, only emits water; Disadvantages: production involves finite resources, transport and storage is difficult, explosive