Presentation of Quantitative Data

• How can data be represented in a report?

  In a table
• What do tables in the results section of a report contain?

  Descriptive statistics, not raw scores
• What should be included beneath a table in a report?

  A summary paragraph explaining the numbers
• What type of data do bar charts represent?

  Discrete data
• What is discrete data?

  Data divided into categories
• How do the bars in a histogram appear?

  The bars touch each other
• What does the x-axis in a histogram represent?

  Equal-sized intervals of a single category
• What does the y-axis in a histogram represent?

  The frequency within each interval
• What do scattergrams depict?

  Associations between co-variables
• What is a normal distribution?

  A symmetrical spread of frequency data
• What shape does a normal distribution form?

  A bell-shaped pattern
• Where do the mean, median, and mode occupy in a normal distribution?

  They occupy the same midpoint of the curve
• What happens to the ends of a normal distribution curve?

  They never touch the x-axis
• What characterizes a skewed distribution?

  Data clusters to one end
• What is a positive skew?

  Long tail on the right side of the peak
• Where is most of the distribution concentrated in a positive skew?

  On the left side
• What remains at the highest point of the peak in a positive skew?

  The mode
• In a positive skew, where is the mean pulled?

  To the right
• What is a negative skew?

  Long tail on the left side of the peak
• Where is most of the distribution concentrated in a negative skew?

  On the right side
• What remains at the highest point of the peak in a negative skew?

  The mode
• In a negative skew, where is the mean pulled?

  To the left
• How does the mode behave in both positive and negative skew distributions?

  The mode remains at the highest point
• How do the means behave in positive and negative skew distributions?

  The mean is pulled in opposite directions