LATER RELATIONSHIPS AND ADO

• What is the best description of “permissive parenting”?

  Undemanding and responsive
• Which family composition showed the highest externalising problems in children?

  Step families
• What effect can parental conflict have on children?

  It can lead to negative emotional outcomes
• What are the aims of studying later social relationships in children?

  • Changes in interactions at different ages
  • Peer relationships: Acceptance or rejection
  • Importance of friendships
• At what age do children begin to prefer peer interactions?

  Around 3 years
• At what age do children begin to prefer same-sex friendships?

  By age 7
• How do peer relationships influence a child's behavior?

  • Modeling behaviors for imitation
  • Reinforcing behaviors positively or negatively
  • Setting benchmarks for self-comparison
• What do infants do during interactions with other infants?

  Vocalise and cry in response
• What type of play develops from ages 1-2 years?

  From parallel play to more coordinated play
• What is the peak age for imaginative play?

  6 years
• What expectations of friends develop by age 7?

  Stable same-gender preferences
• What do children expect from friendships by age 11?

  Emotional support and confiding
• At what age do cross-gender relationships begin to emerge?

  13 years and older
• What understanding of gender do children have by age 7?

  Good understanding of gender permanence
• What factors affect children's peer status?

  • Temperament/personality
  • Past experiences
  • Physical appearance
  • Social skills
• How can peer status be measured?

  Observation, asking parents, asking children
• What are the two subcategories of rejected children?

  Aggressive rejected and non-aggressive rejected
• What risks do aggressive rejected children face?

  Higher risk of behavioral problems
• What do non-aggressive rejected children tend to experience?

  Withdrawal and anxiety issues
• What can help children avoid or overcome rejection?

  • Desire to interact with others
  • Confidence in contributions
  • Interest in peers' opinions
• By what age do children reject mixed-sex interactions?

  By age 7
• What role do parents play in developing social skills?

  They create interaction opportunities
• What methods can adult coaches teach children for better acceptance?

  Positive questions and supportive statements
• What are the effects of social skills training on children?

  • Increased engagement in social skills
  • Longer-lasting peer acceptance
• What is the difference between popularity and friendship?

  • Popularity: status in peer groups
  • Friendship: mutual, supportive relationships
• What are the benefits of friendships for children?

  • Shape beliefs and self-worth
  • Develop social skills
  • Promote well-being and mental health
• What did Bagwell, Newcomb, and Bukowski (1998) find about peer rejection?

  It predicted poorer life status in adulthood
• What is the significance of the 'social brain' in adolescence?

  It adapts to social environments
• What happens to peer conformity during mid-adolescence?

  It peaks, even for negative behaviors
• What is a common feature of adolescence regarding parental relationships?

  Higher levels of conflict with parents
• How do romantic relationships change during adolescence?

  Increased interest and longer durations
• What are the key points in the summary of peer relationships throughout childhood?

  • Increasing importance of peer relationships
  • Navigating social conflict and rejection
  • Role of parents and friendships in development
• What is the focus of the reading by Ladd (1981)?

  Enhancing children's social interaction and peer acceptance
• What does the reading by Kupersmidt and Coie (1990) discuss?

  Peer status and externalizing problems in adolescence
• What chapter discusses social and emotional development in middle childhood?

  Chapter 14