Cell biology

• What are the building blocks of every organism?

  Cells
• What are the two main types of organisms based on cell structure?

  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• What type of cells are Eukaryotic cells?

  Complex cells
• What organisms are made up of Eukaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotes
• What is a prokaryote?

  A single-celled organism
• What are the main subcellular structures in animal cells?

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

  Contains genetic material controlling cell activities
• What happens in the cytoplasm of a cell?

  Most chemical reactions occur there
• What is the role of the cell membrane?

  Controls what goes in and out
• Where do aerobic respiration reactions take place?

  In the mitochondria
• What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?

  Where proteins are made
• What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  • Rigid cell wall
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
• What is the function of the rigid cell wall in plant cells?

  Supports and strengthens the cell
• What does the permanent vacuole contain?

  Cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Where photosynthesis occurs
• What do bacterial cells lack compared to eukaryotic cells?

  Chloroplasts and mitochondria
• What type of DNA do bacterial cells have?

  A single circular strand of DNA
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?

  Small rings of DNA
• What are the main types of microscopes used in biology?

  • Light microscopes
  • Electron microscopes
• What do light microscopes use to form an image?

  Light and lenses
• What is the advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

  Higher resolution for detailed images
• What does resolution in microscopy refer to?

  Ability to distinguish between two points
• What can electron microscopes help us see in detail?

  Internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts
• How do you calculate magnification?

  $\text{magnification} =$$\frac{\text{image size}}{\text{real size}}$
• If a specimen is 50 µm wide, what is its image size under ×100 magnification?

  5 mm
• What is standard form and why is it useful in microscopy?

  • A way to write very large or small numbers
  • Makes numbers more manageable for calculations
• How do you convert a number to standard form?

  Move the decimal point and use powers of 10
• How would you write 0.0025 mm in standard form?

  2.5 × 10⁻³ mm
• What are the steps to prepare a slide for microscopy?

  1. Add a drop of water
  2. Place specimen in water
  3. Add iodine solution
  4. Cover with a cover slip
• What are the steps to use a light microscope?

  1. Clip slide onto stage
  2. Select lowest-powered lens
  3. Use coarse adjustment to focus
  4. Adjust with fine adjustment knob
  5. Swap to higher-powered lens if needed
• What are the guidelines for drawing observations from a microscope?

  • Use a sharp pencil
  • Draw clear, unbroken lines
  • No coloring or shading
  • Include title and magnification
  • Label important features
• What is the main advantage of using a light microscope?

  Allows viewing of individual cells
• What is the main focus of stem cell research?

  Exciting possibilities and controversies
• What is differentiation in the context of stem cells?

  Process of cells becoming specialized
• What are undifferentiated cells called?

  Stem cells
• Where are embryonic stem cells found?

  In early human embryos
• Why are embryonic stem cells exciting for researchers?

  They can turn into any type of cell
• Where are adult stem cells primarily located?

  Bone marrow
• What types of cells can adult stem cells differentiate into?

  Only certain types, like blood cells
• How can stem cells be used in medicine?

  To produce clones and specialized cells