Criminological psychology

• XYY syndrome is the presence of an extra Y chromosome in males which happens in 1 in every 1000 males. They are more likely to get in trouble with the police compared to normal males. They grow faster than the average male. XYY males Often have language problems and are impaired to social interaction. They are more impulsive than other males and the IQ of XYY males tends to be lower than their siblings
• Jacob suggested XYY males are overrepresented in prison such as 15 in every 1000 instead of 1 in 1000.
• Social Learning Theory

  • Attention - role models that criminals pay attention to
  • retention - key aspects of criminal behaviour remembered
  • Reproduction - reproducing how criminal role model commits crime
  • Motivation is either intrinsic (e.g taking pride) or extrinsic (e.g so everyone can praise you)
  • Vicarious reinforcement is doing things because someone else got rewarded for it and you want that reward ( for example being paid to steal cars )
• What are the two ethical guidelines mentioned for practitioners?

  Maintaining confidentiality and acting within competence
• How many sessions are typically involved in an anger management program?

  20 1-hour sessions
• What is the purpose of cognitive preparation in anger management?

  To recognize aggressive situations and link consequences to actions
• What is the goal of skills acquisition in anger management?

  To learn new cognitive and behavioral coping skills
• What is the purpose of the application phase in anger management?

  To practice skills in role-playing and real-world scenarios
• What are the key components of cognitive preparation in anger management?

  • Small group sessions to analyze behavior
  • Recognize aggressive situations
  • Link consequences to actions
  • Increase awareness of anger and its negative effects
• What does Raine et al's research suggest about criminal behavior?

  Criminal behavior may be due to brain malfunction
• What was found in the prefrontal cortex of NGRI individuals?

  Lower levels of glucose metabolism
• How does the glucose metabolism in NGRI individuals compare to the control group?

  NGRI individuals have lower glucose metabolism
• In criminology always link back to crime e.g they could reproduce their role models behaviour such as vandalism