Week 11

• What does BSE stand for?

  Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
• How did BSE impact the British beef industry?

  Changes in cattle feeding led to its emergence
• In which decade did the Nipah virus emerge?

  2000s
• What facilitated the spread of the Nipah virus?

  Close contact between humans and infected pigs and bats
• What was linked to the emergence of SARS?

  Consumption of exotic animals
• What were the economic consequences of H5N1 outbreaks?

  Significant economic consequences in poultry
• What did the Ebola outbreak disrupt?

  Local food supply chains
• How may commercial farming practices have contributed to the Zika outbreak?

  Practices in Brazil may have facilitated spread
• What did COVID-19 highlight the need for?

  Containment measures
• What does the map of emerging infectious diseases show?

  Widespread nature of emerging infectious diseases

  
• What does spillover refer to?

  Transmission of a pathogen from animal to human
• What is shedding in the context of viruses?

  Release of a virus from an infected person
• What is a zoonosis?

  A pathogen that spreads from animals to humans
• What is a reservoir in the context of spillover?

  The natural environment where the pathogen lives
• What is a vector?

  An organism that transmits the pathogen
• What is a host in the context of spillover?

  A human or animal infected with the pathogen
• What are the steps involved in spillover?

  1. Contact: Virus exchange occurs by chance.
  2. Infection: Spillover event occurs.
  3. Transmission: Infected person spreads the virus.
• What increases the risk of spillover?

  Close contact with animals
• What does R0 represent?

  Average number of people infected by one person
• How does a higher R0 value affect virus transmission?

  Indicates higher potential for virus spread
• What is the R0 of COVID-19?

  2-2.5
• What is the R0 of H1N1?

  1.2-1.6
• What is the R0 of Ebola?

  1.6-2
• What factors should be considered when prioritizing emerging infectious diseases?

  • Human transmissibility (R0)
  • Case fatality rate
  • Spillover potential
  • Evolutionary potential
  • Available countermeasures
  • Difficulty of detection
  • Public health aspect
  • Potential scope of outbreak
  • Potential societal impacts
• What tool does the WHO use to prioritize diseases?

  A tool based on epidemic potential
• What diseases are currently considered priorities by the WHO?

  • COVID-19
  • Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
  • Ebola virus disease
  • Marburg virus disease
  • Lassa fever
  • MERS-CoV
  • SARS
  • Nipah and henipaviral disease
  • Rift valley fever
  • Zika
• What does the One Health approach recognize?

  Interconnectedness of human and environmental health
• What is required for the eradication of rabies?

  A multi-faceted approach considering interconnectedness
• Why is controlling rabies in animals crucial?

  It breaks the transmission cycle to humans
• What is the Ebola virus's genome type?

  Negative-sense ssRNA genome
• What family does the Ebolavirus belong to?

  Filoviridae family
• How many main strains of Ebolavirus are identified?

  Six main strains
• What does the Ebolavirus genome encode?

  Seven proteins
• What is the Ebolavirus replication cycle?

  1. Attachment and entry
  2. Endosomal fusion
  3. Viral factory formation
  4. Transcription and replication
  5. Protein synthesis
  6. Assembly and budding
• What is the time range between Ebola infection and symptom appearance?

  3 days to 3 weeks
• What are the initial symptoms of Ebola?

  Non-specific symptoms like fever and headache
• What is the fatality rate of Ebola?

  Around 50%
• How does Ebola primarily spread?

  Through direct contact with bodily fluids
• What is the enzootic cycle of Ebolavirus?

  Natural circulation within animal populations
• What is the epizootic cycle of Ebolavirus?

  Rapid spread causing disease in many animals