Caregiver infant interactions

• Why is communication vital for newborns?

  It aids attachment development and survival
• What is defined as attachment?

  Long and lasting emotional bonds between individuals
• What do both the infant and caregiver seek in attachment?

  Closeness and security with each other
• What are the two key interactions in caregiver-infant interactions?

  • Reciprocity
  • Interactional synchrony
• How is reciprocity defined in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Mutual turn-taking interaction like a conversation
• What characterizes interactional synchrony?

  Simultaneous and coordinated actions between infant and adult
• What is an example of direct imitation in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Infant and mother making the same facial movements
• What does sensitive responsiveness involve?

  Caregiver paying attention and responding appropriately
• What is child-directed speech?

  A sing-song voice used to engage infants
• Why is bodily contact important for attachment?

  It fosters emotional bonds and security
• What did midwives ensure after delivery for bonding?

  Skin-to-skin contact between parents and infant
• What evidence supports reciprocity in infants?

  Infants imitate adults' facial gestures
• What did Condon and Sander find about interactional synchrony?

  Infants move rhythmically with adult voices
• What is a limitation of infant research regarding communication?

  Infants can't communicate their thoughts directly
• Why are inferences in infant research problematic?

  They are guesses about internal mental states
• How can psychological findings affect parents?

  They may alter how parents view their caregiving
• What are the four stages of infant attachment identified by Schafer?

  1. Asocial stage (birth to 6 weeks)
  2. Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks to 7 months)
  3. Specific attachment (7 to 9 months)
  4. Multiple attachment (9 or 10 months onwards)
• What occurs during the asocial stage of attachment?

  Infants show behaviors to all caregivers
• What happens in the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Infants can differentiate familiar from unfamiliar adults
• What happens in the multiple attachment stage?

  Infants develop attachments to additional caregivers
• What did Schafer's longitudinal study reveal about attachment stages?

  Attachment occurs in definable stages
• What was a limitation of Schafer's study sample?

  It lacked diversity beyond working-class mothers
• How has child-rearing changed since Schafer's study?

  Child-rearing patterns have significantly changed
• What did Schafer's study suggest about maternal interaction?

  Consistent interaction strengthens infant attachment
• What percentage of infants had their mother as the primary attachment figure?

  65%
• What role do fathers play according to Schafer's findings?

  Fathers provide active play activities
• What did Field's research suggest about primary caregiver fathers?

  They show more sensitive responsive behavior
• What did Riso's research find about father attachment?

  Strong father attachment predicts socialization success
• Why is research on fathers socially sensitive?

  It affects perceptions of single parents and gay couples
• What economic implications arise from father's roles in attachment?

  Legislation may equalize maternity and paternity leave
• How can research findings impact gender pay gaps?

  Encouraging shared caregiving may reduce gaps