Coding, capacity & duration

• What type of words did Baddeley use to test immediate recall in STM?

  Acoustically similar words
• Why did participants perform worse with acoustically similar words in immediate recall?

  STM codes acoustically, causing confusion
• Why did participants perform worse with semantically similar words in delayed recall?

  LTM codes semantically, causing confusion
• What task did Jacobs use to measure the capacity of STM?

  Digit span task
• What was the average digit span found by Jacobs?

  9.3
• What was the average letter span found by Jacobs?

  7.3
• What was the purpose of the distractor task in the STM duration study?

  To block rehearsal and test STM duration
• What is the approximate duration of STM according to the study?

  18 seconds
• What was the accuracy of recall for participants tested within 25 years of graduation?

  90%
• What was the accuracy of recall for participants tested after 48 years of graduation?

  70%
• What does the drop in recall accuracy after 48 years suggest about LTM duration?

  LTM duration can last up to a lifetime
• What are the key findings of Baddeley's study on coding in STM and LTM?

  • Immediate recall (STM) is worse with acoustically similar words
  • Delayed recall (LTM) is worse with semantically similar words
  • STM codes acoustically
  • LTM codes semantically
• What are the key findings of Jacobs' study on STM capacity?

  • Average digit span: 9.3
  • Average letter span: 7.3
  • STM capacity is limited
• What are the key findings of the STM duration study?

  • STM duration is around 18 seconds
  • Distractor tasks block rehearsal
  • Recall accuracy decreases over time
• What are the key findings of the LTM duration study?

  • Recall accuracy within 25 years: 90%
  • Recall accuracy after 48 years: 70%
  • LTM duration can last up to a lifetime
• How many groups of participants did Baddeley use in his study?

  Four groups
• What is an example of an acoustically similar word used in Baddeley's study?

  Cat, mat, bat, hat
• What is an example of a semantically similar word used in Baddeley's study?

  Great, large, big, giant
• What was the purpose of counting backwards in the distractor task?

  To block rehearsal and test STM duration
• How many participants were in the LTM duration study?

  150
• What was the age range of participants in the LTM duration study?

  17-74
• What does the gradual decline in recall accuracy over 48 years suggest about LTM?

  LTM can retain information for a lifetime