LESSON 7 AND 8

• What is a ballistic projectile?

  Rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air, usually landing within 2km of the vent
• What are the negative impacts of ash fall or tephra fall from a volcanic eruption?

  Can cause poor visibility, loss of agricultural lands, respiratory tract problems in humans, and damage to machinery
• What is a pyroclastic flow?

  A turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials, mixed with hot gases that flow downslope at very high speed
• What is a lava flow?

  Streams of molten rocks that are poured or oozed from an erupting vent
• What is the driving force behind most volcanic eruptions?

  Magma contains dissolved gases that provide the driving force for volcanic eruptions
• What is a volcanic landslide?

  A massive collapse of a volcano, usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption
• What is a tsunami?

  Sea waves or wave trains generated by sudden displacement of water, which could be caused by undersea eruptions or debris avalanches
• What are the signs of an impending volcanic eruption?

  Increased frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds, increased steaming activity, crater glow, ground swells and fissuring, localized landslides, drying up of vegetation, increased temperature of hot springs, variation in chemical content of springs, drying up of springs/wells, and development of new thermal areas
• What is the difference between an active, erupting, dormant, and extinct volcano?

  Active volcanoes have had at least one eruption in the past 10,000 years, erupting volcanoes are currently erupting, dormant volcanoes are not erupting but expected to erupt again, and extinct volcanoes have not erupted for at least 10,000 years and are not expected to erupt again
• What are the different types of volcano hazard maps?

  • Active: Has had at least one eruption during the past 10,000 years
  • Dormant: Not erupting, but supposed to erupt again
  • Erupting: Currently having an eruption
  • Extinct: No eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again
• How do the functions of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) differ from a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

  TEMs produce 2D images, while SEMs produce 3D images
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methods?

  Strengths:

  • Provides in-depth, rich data
  • Flexible and adaptable to new information
  • Captures complex phenomena

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Time-consuming and labor-intensive
  • Potential for researcher bias
  • Limited generalizability
  • Difficulty in replicating results
• Various Volcanic-Related Hazards

  Ballistic projectiles, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, volcanic gases, volcanic landslide, and tsunami
• What is a sign of impending volcanic eruption related to seismic activity?

  Increase in volcanic quakes and tremors
• What does an increase in steaming activity indicate?

  It may indicate an impending volcanic eruption
• What change in steam color can indicate volcanic activity?

  Change from white to gray
• What does crater glow signify?

  Presence of magma at or near the crater
• What geological changes can indicate magma intrusion?

  Ground swells, tilt, and fissuring
• What types of landslides may indicate volcanic activity?

  Localized landslides not due to heavy rains
• What vegetation change can signal an impending eruption?

  Drying up of vegetation on upper slopes
• What temperature change in water sources can indicate volcanic activity?

  Increase in temperature of hot springs and wells
• What does noticeable variation in chemical content of springs indicate?

  Potential volcanic activity in the area
• What can happen to springs and wells around a volcano before an eruption?

  Drying up of springs and wells
• What geological features may develop or reactivate before an eruption?

  New thermal areas and solfataras
• What are the signs of impending volcanic eruption?

  • Increase in volcanic quakes and tremors
  • Increased steaming activity with color change
  • Crater glow indicating magma presence
  • Ground swells, tilt, and fissuring
  • Localized landslides not due to rain
  • Drying up of vegetation on upper slopes
  • Increase in temperature of hot springs and wells
  • Variation in chemical content of springs
  • Drying up of springs and wells
  • Development of new thermal areas and solfataras
• Alert Level 1 (Low Level Unrest)


  Activity may be geothermal, magmatic tectonic in origin. No entry in the 6-km radius PDZ.
• Alert Level 2 (Moderate Unrest_


  6 - km radius Danger zone may be extended by 7 km in the sector where the crater rim is low.
• Alert Level 3 (Relatively High Unrest) 


  Extension of Danger zone in the sector where the crater rim is low will be considered.
• Alert Level 4 (Intense Unrest)


  Extension of Danger zone to 8 km or more in the sector where the crater rim is low will be reccomended.
• Alert Level 5 (Hazardous Eruption Ongoing)


  Additional Danger areas may be identified as eruption progresses. Dange to aircraft, by way of ash cloud encounter depending on height of eruption coloumn or wind drift.