definitions

• Holophrastic stage - phonological simplifications

  • Addition - helps to reduce the scale of an object, eg. dog to doggy (easier to say phonologically)
  • Assimilation- constant/vowel swapped, eg. lorry to rorry
  • Deletion of the unstressed syllable, eg. banana to nana
• Phonemic expansion 


  children trial words/sounds to broaden vocab
• Phonemic Contraction 


  when you don’t use your synapses, you lose them.

  get rid of phonemes that you don’t use.
• Overextension 


  one word used for all members of the category, eg. all four legged animals labelled as ‘dog’
• Overgeneralisation 


  one word used for all forms, eg. juice meaning where is the juice?/can I have juice? etc.
• clause

  needs subject, verb, and object
• Recast


  an MKO remodels a child's sentencing using a word presented by the child, to give context
• proto words

  a trial word before learning official word, eg. ‘choc’ before ‘chocolate’
• Rescorla (1980)

  3 types of overextension -

  1. Categorical, a child labels similar objects as the same thing, eg. 'dog' for all fur animals
  2. Analogical, a child applies a word to something based on things with similar appearances, eg. 'ball' for all round objects
  3. Mismatched, a child uses an unrelated word based on a personal association, eg. 'car' for a bus
• deictic reference

  pointing words, eg. this, that
• Recast

  a parent uses a child’s word in a new sentence
• underextension

  reduction of meaning

  • ‘duck’ only applies to their toy, not real ducks
  • ’cat’ = pet cat, not all cats