Biology communicable

• What is the term for a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell?

  Hypertonic
• What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

  The cell becomes plasmolyzed
• What is the effect of a hypotonic solution on a cell?

  The cell swells as water moves in
• What are the key characteristics of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?

  • Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside, cell loses water.
  • Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside, cell gains water.
• What is the role of leptin in appetite regulation?

  It reduces appetite and increases satiety
• What is the effect of cortisol on appetite?

  Cortisol increases appetite and promotes fat storage
• How does ghrelin affect appetite?

  Ghrelin increases appetite and reduces satiety signals
• What are the symptoms associated with hyperphagia, hypoactivity, and hypotonia?

  • Hyperphagia: Excessive eating
  • Hypoactivity: Reduced physical activity
  • Hypotonia: Decreased muscle tone
• What is the vector for malaria?

  Anopheles mosquito
• What are the symptoms of dengue fever?

  High fever, rash, muscle/joint pain
• How can typhoid fever be prevented?

  Safe food/water, sanitation, vaccination
• What are the prevention methods for common vector-borne diseases?

  • Malaria: Insecticide-treated bed nets, antimalarial drugs
  • Dengue Fever: Mosquito control, prevention of bites
  • Zika Virus: Mosquito control, prevention of bites
  • Lyme Disease: Tick bite prevention, use of insect repellent
• What is the definition of a superbug?

  Bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics
• Why have deaths due to MRSA decreased?

  Increased hand hygiene and isolation wards
• What is the primary purpose of a vaccine?

  To stimulate the immune response
• What are the differences between primary and secondary immune responses?

  • Primary Response: Slower, lower antibody levels, no memory cells.
  • Secondary Response: Faster, higher antibody levels, memory cells present.
• What happens to antibody levels during passive immunity?

  They rise and fall sharply
• What is the effect of antibiotic overuse?

  Encourages growth of resistant bacteria
• What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?

  They provide rapid antibody production upon re-exposure
• How does the clear zone in antibiotic testing indicate effectiveness?

  A larger clear zone means more bacteria killed
• What is the purpose of a control in antibiotic testing?

  To compare results against treated samples
• What is the primary function of antibiotics?

  To kill bacteria
• What is the consequence of bacteria mutating their DNA?

  They can survive antibiotic treatment
• How does the immune response differ after a booster vaccination?

  Antibodies are produced in larger quantities
• What is the significance of the antibody levels in the graph for passive immunity?

  They indicate the effectiveness of passive immunity
• What is the effect of increased parasympathetic tone on the body?

  It promotes relaxation and digestion
• How does reduced insulin sensitivity affect the body?

  It leads to increased blood sugar levels
• What is the relationship between appetite and energy expenditure?

  Increased appetite can lead to higher energy expenditure
• What is the role of the hypothalamus in appetite regulation?

  It regulates hunger and energy balance
• What is the primary cause of leptin resistance?

  Obesity and related metabolic changes
• What is the impact of increased sedentary behavior on health?

  It can lead to weight gain and health issues
• How does the immune system respond to the same live pathogen after vaccination?

  It produces antibodies rapidly in large amounts