behaviourism and slt

• What does the Behaviourist Approach focus on?

  The study of behaviour
• What is the first assumption of the Behaviourist Approach?

  All behaviour is learned
• What is the second assumption of the Behaviourist Approach?

  All behaviour can be unlearned
• What is the third assumption of the Behaviourist Approach?

  Abnormal and normal behaviour are learned the same way
• What do behaviourists focus on in their studies?

  Observable and measurable things
• Why did Watson reject introspection?

  It was too subjective
• How did behaviourists maintain control and objectivity?

  By using lab experiments
• Who is a pioneer of classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• What type of responses does classical conditioning involve?

  Involuntary responses
• What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's study?

  Food
• What is the unconditioned response (UCR) in Pavlov's study?

  Saliva
• What is the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's study?

  Bell
• What is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov's study?

  Bell after association
• What is the conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov's study?

  Saliva when hearing the bell
• What are the steps of classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov?

  1. UCS (food) → UCR (saliva)
  2. NS (bell) → No response
  3. NS (bell) + UCS (food) → UCR (saliva)
  4. CS (bell) → CR (saliva)
• How can classical conditioning explain Laura's fear of the GP's surgery?

  She associates the surgery with fear from vaccination
• What was the aim of the Little Albert study?

  To see if classical conditioning can create fear
• What was the method used in the Little Albert study?

  Check NS and UCS reactions in Little Albert
• What were the results of the Little Albert study?

  Fear towards all fluffy animals
• What conclusion was drawn from the Little Albert study?

  Classical conditioning can create fear in humans
• Who is famous for operant conditioning?

  Edward Thorndike
• What does operant conditioning involve?

  Learning from the consequences of behaviour
• What did Skinner believe about free will?

  It is an illusion
• What is the process of operant conditioning?

  Modifying voluntary behaviour through reinforcement
• What was the aim of Skinner's experiment with pigeons?

  To see if pigeons can learn responses
• What were the results of Skinner's experiment?

  Pigeons learned to peck for food
• What are the types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  • Positive reinforcement: Adding a favorable outcome
  • Negative reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant outcome
• What are the types of punishment in operant conditioning?

  • Positive punishment: Adding an unfavorable outcome
  • Negative punishment: Removing a favorable outcome
• What is a token economy?

  A system where behaviour is reinforced by rewards
• What are the evaluations of the behaviourist approach?

  (+) Scientific credibility: Controlled methods in labs

  (+) Real-life application: Token economies in institutions

  (-) Ignores processes: Focuses on stimulus-response

  (-) Environmental determinism: Ignores free will

  (-) Ethical issues: Animal testing concerns
• Who is associated with Social Learning Theory?

  Albert Bandura
• What does Social Learning Theory state about behaviour?

  Behaviour is learned through observation
• What does vicariously mean in the context of SLT?

  Experiencing through the behaviour of others
• What is observational learning?

  Learning by watching and copying others
• What are the mediational factors in SLT?

  Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
• What was the aim of Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  To see if aggression can be learned
• What were the results of Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  Children mirrored adult behaviour
• How did gender affect the results of Bandura's study?

  Boys showed more physical aggression
• What conclusion was drawn from Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  Children learn behaviour through observation
• What does the child want to emulate from her mother?

  To look grown up like her mum