variables

• What are the main research methods mentioned?

  Experiments, observations, self-report methods
• What types of data are identified in the study material?

  Quantitative and qualitative
• What statistical measures are listed?

  Mean, mode, median, range, standard deviation
• What types of graphs are mentioned?

  Bar chart, histogram, scattergram
• What is the ethical issue of 'protection from harm' in research?

  Ensuring participants are not harmed during research
• What does 'confidentiality' mean in research ethics?

  Keeping participant information private
• What is the 'right to withdraw' in research ethics?

  Participants can leave the study at any time
• What is 'informed consent' in research?

  Participants must be fully informed before agreeing
• What is the purpose of 'debriefing' in research?

  To inform participants about the study's purpose
• Why should 'deception' be avoided in research?

  It can harm trust and ethical standards
• What is an independent variable (IV)?

  Variable manipulated by the psychologist
• What is a dependent variable (DV)?

  Variable that changes due to the IV
• Why must other variables remain the same in an experiment?

  To ensure they do not affect the DV
• How would you operationalize caffeine as an IV?

  Measured in units of caffeine consumed
• How would you operationalize accuracy of recall as a DV?

  Measured by number of words recalled correctly
• What is a directional hypothesis?

  Predicts the direction of expected change
• What is a non-directional hypothesis?

  Predicts change without specifying direction
• What is the purpose of a null hypothesis?

  States results are due to chance
• What does operationalization of a hypothesis involve?

  Stating IVs and DVs in measurable form
• How do you operationalize the hypothesis "Caffeine aids recall in a memory test"?

  • IV: Caffeine measured in units
  • DV: Accuracy of recall measured by number of words recalled correctly
• How do you operationalize the hypothesis "The more sleep a teenager has, the better they perform in a maths test"?

  • IV: Amount of sleep measured in hours
  • DV: Performance in maths test measured by test score
• How do you operationalize the hypothesis "Snow will have an effect on happiness"?

  • IV: Presence of snow measured by snowfall amount
  • DV: Happiness measured by a happiness scale score
• What pages in the workbook cover experimental methods?

  Pages 2-5 in your workbook

  
• What is the aim of the lesson objectives mentioned?

  To describe and explain variables and hypotheses
• How does a directional hypothesis differ from a non-directional hypothesis?

  A directional hypothesis specifies the direction of change
• What is the significance of generating a hypothesis in research?

  It guides the research process and predictions
• What is the role of variables in psychological research?

  They help establish cause and effect relationships
• What is the first step in the research process?

  Theory
• What is the last step in the research process?

  Refine the theory
• Why is it important to refine the theory after research?

  To improve understanding based on findings
• How do researchers ensure their predictions are valid?

  By generating a clear and testable hypothesis
• What is the significance of the research aim?

  It defines the purpose of the study
• What is the purpose of the 'apply it' questions in the workbook?

  To practice applying research concepts
• What is the role of case studies in research methods?

  To provide in-depth analysis of specific cases
• How do self-report methods contribute to research?

  They provide personal insights and subjective data
• What is the importance of sampling in research?

  It ensures representative data collection
• What is the definition of correlation in research?

  A measure of the relationship between variables
• How do graphs aid in data presentation?

  They visually represent data for easier understanding
• What is the significance of ethical issues in research?

  They ensure the protection and rights of participants