types of data

• What is the independent variable (IV) in an investigation of gender differences in math ability?

  Gender
• What is the dependent variable (DV) in an investigation of gender differences in math ability?

  Math ability
• What could be an extraneous variable (EV) in an investigation of gender differences in math ability?

  Prior math education
• What could be a confounding variable (CV) in an investigation of gender differences in math ability?

  Cultural attitudes toward math
• Write a directional hypothesis for an investigation of gender differences in math ability.

  Males will score higher on math tests than females
• Write a non-directional hypothesis for an investigation of gender differences in math ability.

  There will be a difference in math scores between males and females
• What is qualitative data?

  Data expressed in words and language
• What is quantitative data?

  Data that can be counted and is numerical
• Why is qualitative data considered to have greater external validity?

  It is viewed as more meaningful and applicable to the real world
• Why is quantitative data considered to have higher scientific credibility?

  It is easy to analyze and statistically evaluate
• What is a weakness of qualitative data?

  It is difficult to analyze and summarize statistically
• What is a weakness of quantitative data?

  It lacks detail required to represent real life
• What is primary data?

  Original data collected specifically for the investigation
• What is secondary data?

  Data collected by someone other than the researcher
• What is a strength of primary data?

  It has high internal validity
• What is a weakness of primary data?

  It is time-consuming and expensive
• What is a strength of secondary data?

  It is inexpensive and easily accessed
• What is a weakness of secondary data?

  It may be incorrect or biased
• What is meta-analysis?

  Combining findings from multiple studies on a topic
• Why is meta-analysis beneficial for medical trials?

  It provides an overall statistical conclusion from multiple studies
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative data?

  Strengths:

  • Offers richness and detail
  • Greater external validity

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Difficult to analyze and summarize statistically
  • Subject to researcher bias
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative data?

  Strengths:

  • Easy to analyze and statistically evaluate
  • Higher scientific credibility

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Lacks detail required to represent real life
  • Participants may not fully explain their thoughts
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of primary data?

  Strengths:

  • High internal validity
  • Can be designed specifically for research needs

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Time-consuming and expensive
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of secondary data?

  Strengths:

  • Inexpensive and easily accessed
  • Extensive evidence available

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • May be incorrect or biased
  • May not match researcher's needs
• What is the process of meta-analysis?

  • Combining findings from multiple studies on a topic
  • Producing an overall statistical conclusion
  • Beneficial for medical trials and global comparisons
• If you wanted to study the effectiveness of a new therapy, which type of data would you collect and why?

  Primary data to ensure high internal validity
• If you wanted to compare the results of multiple studies on attachment, which method would you use?

  Meta-analysis
• How does the use of qualitative data differ from quantitative data in psychological research?

  Qualitative data provides richer details, while quantitative data allows for statistical analysis
• How does the use of primary data differ from secondary data in psychological research?

  Primary data is collected specifically for the investigation, while secondary data is pre-existing
• How does meta-analysis improve the validity of psychological research?

  By combining results from multiple studies to provide a more comprehensive conclusion
• If you were to conduct a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), what would be your first step?

  Identify and gather multiple studies on CBT
• If you wanted to study the impact of sleep on academic performance, which type of data would you collect and why?

  Quantitative data to measure sleep duration and grades numerically
• How does the use of secondary data impact the validity of psychological research?

  It may be less valid if the data is biased or does not match the research objectives
• How does the use of primary data impact the validity of psychological research?

  It increases validity by being specifically designed for the research
• If you wanted to study the effects of a new educational intervention, which type of data would you collect and why?

  Primary data to ensure the data is specific to the intervention
• If you wanted to study the prevalence of anxiety in a population, which type of data would you collect and why?

  Quantitative data to measure anxiety levels numerically
• How does the use of meta-analysis differ from primary data collection in psychological research?

  Meta-analysis combines results from multiple studies, while primary data collection involves gathering new data
• How does the use of qualitative data differ from quantitative data in terms of external validity?

  Qualitative data has greater external validity due to its richness and detail
• How does the use of secondary data differ from primary data in terms of cost and effort?

  Secondary data is less expensive and requires less effort to collect
• If you wanted to study the impact of social media on mental health, which type of data would you collect and why?

  Quantitative data to measure social media usage and mental health numerically