obedience: milgram

• What is obedience in social influence?

  A form of social influence following orders
• Who typically issues orders in obedience situations?

  Someone of authority with punishment ability
• How many male participants were recruited in Milgram's study?

  40 male participants
• What was the purpose of the fake tickets in Milgram's study?

  To assign roles of teacher and learner

  
• What role did the confederate play in Milgram's study?

  He was always the 'learner'

  
• What did the teacher have to do when the learner made a mistake?

  Give an electric shock each time
• What voltage range did the shocks in Milgram's study cover?

  15 – 450 volts
• Were the teachers informed that the shocks were fake?

  No, they were not told
• What happened at 300 volts during the experiment?

  The learner pounded on the wall and stopped responding
• What instruction did the experimenter give when the teacher hesitated?

  Absence of response should be treated as wrong
• What were the four standard 'prods' used by the experimenter?

  1. Please continue 2. The experiment requires that you continue 3. It is absolutely essential that you continue 4. You have no other choice; you must go on
• What percentage of participants stopped at 300 volts?

  12.5%
• What percentage of participants continued to 450 volts?

  65%
• What signs of tension did participants show during the study?

  Participants sweated and trembled
• How many participants had seizures during the study?

  3 participants
• What percentage of participants felt glad to have participated?

  84%
• What ethical issues arose from Milgram's study?

  Deception and lack of informed consent
• What was one criticism of Milgram's study regarding ecological validity?

  It lacked ecological validity due to lab setting
• What did Hofling et al.'s study demonstrate about obedience?

  12 out of 22 nurses obeyed orders
• What was the outcome of Rank and Jackson's study on nurses?

  Only 2 out of 18 nurses obeyed
• What did Haslam and Reicher suggest about the prods used in Milgram's study?

  First three prods appealed for help with science
• What did Orne and Holland suggest about the validity of Milgram's study?

  Participants guessed shocks were fake
• What was the significant deception in Milgram's study?

  Participants believed electric shocks were real

  
• What is one strength of Milgram's research regarding external validity?

  Lab relationship reflects real-life authority
• What did Milgram argue about the relationship between experimenter and participant?

  It reflected wider real-life authority relationships
• What was the outcome of the replication study with TV show contestants?

  80% delivered maximum shock to unconscious man
• What is a limitation of Milgram's study regarding ethical issues?

  Many participants were deceived about shocks
• What might be the impact of deception in psychological studies?

  It can cause psychological harm and distrust
• What are the ethical issues in Milgram's study?

  • Deception about the shocks being real
  • Lack of informed consent
  • Potential psychological harm to participants
• What are the strengths and limitations of Milgram's research?

  Strengths:

  • Good external validity
  • Replications found similar results

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Lack of internal validity
  • Ethical issues due to deception
• What are the findings of Milgram's study regarding obedience levels?

  • No participant stopped below 300 volts
  • 12.5% stopped at 300 volts
  • 65% continued to 450 volts
• How can Milgram's findings be applied to real-life situations?

  • Generalized to authority relationships
  • Relevant in medical and military settings
• What did Sheridan and King's study reveal about obedience?

  • 54% of males and 100% of females delivered shocks
  • Suggests genuine obedience in Milgram's study
• How do Hofling et al.'s and Rank and Jackson's studies compare in terms of obedience?

  • Hofling: 21 out of 22 nurses obeyed
  • Rank and Jackson: Only 2 out of 18 obeyed