eye witness testimony: misleading information

• What are the two theories of forgetting mentioned?

  Cue and interference theories
• What are the key terms associated with the theories of forgetting?

  • Cue
  • Proactive
  • Similarity
  • Retrieval failure
  • Competitive
  • State-dependent
  • Encoding specificity principle
  • Interference
  • Context-dependent
  • Internal or external
  • Retroactive
• What was the first question asked in the car accident scenario?

  What was the colour of the car coming from the left?
• What does a leading question suggest?

  A certain answer due to phrasing
• What is the substitution explanation for leading questions?

  The wording changes the memory itself
• What is the response bias explanation for leading questions?

  The wording affects how one answers
• What is post-event discussion and its effect on memory?

  • Discussion with other witnesses
  • Can manipulate and contaminate memories
• Who conducted the leading questions study in 1974?

  Loftus and Palmer
• What is memory conformity?

  When memories are influenced by others
• What are the strengths of Loftus and Palmer's study?

  • Lab study with control over variables
  • Easy to measure quantitatively
• What are the weaknesses of Loftus and Palmer's study?

  • Lacks ecological validity
  • Difficult to generalize findings
  • Use of artificial stimuli
• What did Anatasi and Rhodes (2006) find about eyewitness accuracy?

  Age affects accuracy in eyewitness testimony
• What is the encoding specificity principle?

  • Memory is improved when context matches
  • Difficult to test in research
• What is a consequence of eyewitness misidentification?

  It contributes to wrongful convictions
• What is eyewitness testimony?

  Recall of events someone has seen
• What was the estimated speed when the word "smashed" was used?

  40.8 mph
• What was the estimated speed when the word "contacted" was used?

  31.8 mph
• What did Loftus attribute the results of the studies to?

  Reconstructive memory
• What are the factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

  • Leading questions
  • Post-event discussion
  • Memory conformity
• How many different questions were there in Loftus and Palmer's experiment?

  5
• What was shown to participants in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  A video of a car accident
• What was the dependent variable in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment?

  Estimate of speed
• What was the correct answer to the cue word question in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Knocked
• What was the speed estimated when the word "hit" was used?

  40.8 mph
• What was the speed estimated when the word "crashed" was used?

  32.3 mph
• What is the main focus of the exam question provided?

  Effects of leading questions on EWT
• What is the homework question about?

  Factors affecting reliability of eyewitness testimony
• What is the link between eyewitness misidentification and wrongful convictions?

  It plays a role in over 70% of cases
• What is the significance of the video clip mentioned in the study material?

  To test eyewitness testimony recall
• What is the purpose of the cognitive interview mentioned?

  To increase accuracy of eyewitness testimony
• What is the effect of artificial tasks in studies?

  They may not reflect real-life situations
• What is the role of demand characteristics in lab studies?

  They may influence participant responses
• What is the consequence of being an eyewitness in real life?

  It can have significant legal implications
• What is the significance of the study by Zaragosa and McCloskey?

  It highlights issues with 'yes/no' answers
• What is the main focus of the test yourself questions?

  To assess understanding of the study
• What is the purpose of the links provided in the study material?

  To offer additional resources for understanding
• What is the significance of the phrase "you have just been influenced by leading questions"?

  It indicates the impact of question phrasing
• What is the role of the police officer in the homework question scenario?

  To question the eyewitness about the event
• What is the main theme of the study material?

  Effects of misleading information on EWT