schaffers stages

• What are Schaffer’s stages of attachment?

  Attachment, proximity, separation distress, secure-base behaviour, interactional synchrony, reciprocity
• What does separation distress refer to in attachment theory?

  Distress experienced when an attachment figure leaves
• What is meant by secure-base behaviour?

  Making regular contact while away from attachment figure
• How does interactional synchrony function in attachment?

  Reflecting actions and emotions in a coordinated way
• What are stages of attachment?

  A series of attachment behaviours linked to specific ages
• What are multiple attachments?

  Attachments to two or more people
• What is separation anxiety?

  A distress response when a caregiver leaves
• What is stranger anxiety?

  Distress when a child is around unknown adults
• What was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson's study in 1964?

  To investigate the formation of early attachments
• How many babies were involved in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  60 babies
• What was the method used in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  Monthly visits from 1 to 18 months
• What did mothers report about their babies in the study?

  Protests when the mother left the room
• What was found about specific attachments by 40 weeks?

  80% of babies had a specific attachment
• What percentage of babies showed separation anxiety between 25 and 32 weeks?

  About 50%
• What does reciprocity mean in the context of attachment?

  Responding more to the child than spending time
• What are the strengths of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  • Good external validity: Observations by parents in natural settings
  • Longitudinal design: Same children followed over time, reducing confounding variables
• What are the weaknesses of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  • Limited sample: Only 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Same social class: Results may not generalize to other classes or cultures
• What is the first stage of attachment development called?

  Asocial Stage
• How do babies behave towards inanimate objects and humans during the asocial stage?

  Similar behavior towards both inanimate objects and humans
• What preference do babies show during the asocial stage?

  Some preference for familiar adults
• How do babies feel in the presence of other humans during the asocial stage?

  Babies are happier with other humans
• What is the age range for the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  2 to 7 months
• What social behavior do babies display during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  More observable social behavior with people
• What do babies recognize and prefer during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Familiar adults
• Do babies show stranger or separation anxiety during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  No, they do not show anxiety
• What is the age when specific attachment typically begins?

  From 7 months
• What types of anxiety do babies exhibit during the specific attachment stage?

  Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
• Who is typically the primary attachment figure for a baby?

  The person who offers the most interactions
• What percentage of cases is the biological mother the primary attachment figure?

  65%
• What is the typical age for multiple attachments to form?

  Usually by one year
• What percentage of babies had secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary attachment?

  29%
• By the age of one year, what is the typical number of secondary attachments for infants?

  The majority have multiple secondary attachments
• What is a limitation in studying the asocial stage?

  Young babies have poor coordination and mobility
• What might flawed methods suggest about babies during the asocial stage?

  They may appear asocial when they are social
• What conflicting evidence exists regarding multiple attachments?

  Some research suggests single main carer first
• What do psychologists studying collectivist cultures suggest about multiple attachments?

  Multiple attachments form from the onset
• What is a criticism of Schaffer and Emmerson's findings?

  Distinction between playmates and attachment figures
• What are the limitations and criticisms of attachment studies?

  • Limitations:
  • Difficulty studying the asocial stage due to poor coordination
  • Flawed methods may misrepresent social behavior

  
  

  • Criticisms:
  • Conflicting evidence on the formation of multiple attachments
  • Distinction between playmates and true attachment figures is unclear