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Cards (103)
What is the limbic system associated with?
Regulation of
emotions
and emotional behaviour
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Which structures comprise the limbic system?
Formix
,
cingulate gyrus
,
thalamus
,
hippocampus
,
hypothalamus
,
amygdala
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What role does the amygdala play in emotional behaviour?
It regulates
emotional
behaviour
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What did Gospic et al (2011) study in relation to the amygdala?
The
Ultimatum game
and amygdala activity
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What happens to amygdala activity when participants reject an unfair reward?
There is a
sudden
increase
in
activity
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How does benzodiazepine affect amygdala activity?
It reduces the
spikes
in activity
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What is serotonin's role in aggression?
It regulates
impulsive
behaviour
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Where is serotonin primarily active in the brain?
Orbitofrontal cortex
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What did Virkkunen et al (1994) propose about serotonin?
It controls
sleeping patterns
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What is the relationship between serotonin levels and aggression?
Higher
serotonin levels correlate with
less
aggression
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What did Berman et al find regarding serotonin agonists?
They reduced
aggressive
behaviour in
participants
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What is testosterone classified as?
An
androgen
(
male sex hormone
)
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How do testosterone levels differ between men and women?
Higher
concentrations
in men
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What is the relationship between testosterone and aggression?
Decreased
testosterone
correlates
with less aggression
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What did Dolan et al (2001) find about violent prisoners?
They had higher
testosterone
levels
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What is the dual-hormone hypothesis proposed by Carre and Mehta (2011)?
Testosterone
and
cortisol
interact in aggression
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What is the significance of cortisol in relation to testosterone and aggression?
Increased
aggression
occurs when cortisol is
low
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What do twin studies help determine in aggression research?
The
genetic/biological
basis of behaviour
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What did Coccaro et al (1997) find regarding MZ and DZ twins?
MZ twins had higher
concordance
rates for
aggression
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What did Rhee and Waldman (2002) conclude about aggressive behaviour?
41%
variance can be accounted for by
candidate genes
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What is the MAOA gene responsible for?
Breaking down
serotonin
in the
synaptic cleft
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What did Brunner et al find regarding MAOA levels and aggression?
Low MAOA levels
linked
to aggressive behaviour
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How does decreased MAOA affect serotonin levels?
Increases serotonin binding to
receptors
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What did Frazzetto et al (2007) suggest about MAOA levels?
Low MAOA levels increase aggression with trauma
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What does the diathesis-stress model explain?
Interaction of
genes
and
environmental
stressors
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What did McDermott et al (2009) find about provocation and aggression?
Provocation triggers aggression in low
MAOA
individuals
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What did Mertins et al (2011) find regarding MAOA activity levels?
High MAOA levels correlate with
prosocial
behaviour
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What did Godar et al (2014) find about mice with the MAOA gene switched off?
They exhibited
hyperaggressive
behaviour
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What is the role of the innate-releasing mechanism (IRM) in aggression?
It activates fixed action patterns (
FAPs
)
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What characterizes fixed action patterns (FAPs)?
They are
universal
and
stereotyped
behaviours
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What did Tinbergen (1951) demonstrate about FAPs?
Male sticklebacks respond to red spots aggressively
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What did Goodall (2010) observe about chimpanzees?
They
slaughtered rivals
despite
appeasement signals
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What did Hunt (1973) suggest about FAPs?
They may
vary
in
duration
and
target
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What did Bremner's work (1993) link to aggression?
MAOA
activity and levels of aggression
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What is sexual jealousy linked to in males?
Paternity uncertainty
and
cuckoldry risk
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What are the two types of male retention strategies proposed by Wilson and Daly (1996)?
Direct guarding
and
negative inducements
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What did Shackleford et al (2005) find about aggression in married couples?
Positive correlation between
retention strategies
and aggression
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What did Wilson et al (1995) find regarding male retention strategies?
53%
of respondents feared for their lives
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How might bullying be viewed from an evolutionary perspective?
As a means to reinforce
power
and resources
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What did Volk et al (2012) suggest about bullying?
It may have an
evolutionary
advantage
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See all 103 cards
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