Aggression

    Cards (103)

    • What is the limbic system associated with?
      Regulation of emotions and emotional behaviour
    • Which structures comprise the limbic system?
      Formix, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala
    • What role does the amygdala play in emotional behaviour?
      It regulates emotional behaviour
    • What did Gospic et al (2011) study in relation to the amygdala?
      The Ultimatum game and amygdala activity
    • What happens to amygdala activity when participants reject an unfair reward?
      There is a sudden increase in activity
    • How does benzodiazepine affect amygdala activity?
      It reduces the spikes in activity
    • What is serotonin's role in aggression?
      It regulates impulsive behaviour
    • Where is serotonin primarily active in the brain?
      Orbitofrontal cortex
    • What did Virkkunen et al (1994) propose about serotonin?
      It controls sleeping patterns
    • What is the relationship between serotonin levels and aggression?
      Higher serotonin levels correlate with less aggression
    • What did Berman et al find regarding serotonin agonists?
      They reduced aggressive behaviour in participants
    • What is testosterone classified as?
      An androgen (male sex hormone)
    • How do testosterone levels differ between men and women?
      Higher concentrations in men
    • What is the relationship between testosterone and aggression?
      Decreased testosterone correlates with less aggression
    • What did Dolan et al (2001) find about violent prisoners?
      They had higher testosterone levels
    • What is the dual-hormone hypothesis proposed by Carre and Mehta (2011)?
      Testosterone and cortisol interact in aggression
    • What is the significance of cortisol in relation to testosterone and aggression?
      Increased aggression occurs when cortisol is low
    • What do twin studies help determine in aggression research?
      The genetic/biological basis of behaviour
    • What did Coccaro et al (1997) find regarding MZ and DZ twins?
      MZ twins had higher concordance rates for aggression
    • What did Rhee and Waldman (2002) conclude about aggressive behaviour?
      41% variance can be accounted for by candidate genes
    • What is the MAOA gene responsible for?
      Breaking down serotonin in the synaptic cleft
    • What did Brunner et al find regarding MAOA levels and aggression?
      Low MAOA levels linked to aggressive behaviour
    • How does decreased MAOA affect serotonin levels?
      Increases serotonin binding to receptors
    • What did Frazzetto et al (2007) suggest about MAOA levels?
      Low MAOA levels increase aggression with trauma
    • What does the diathesis-stress model explain?
      Interaction of genes and environmental stressors
    • What did McDermott et al (2009) find about provocation and aggression?
      Provocation triggers aggression in low MAOA individuals
    • What did Mertins et al (2011) find regarding MAOA activity levels?
      High MAOA levels correlate with prosocial behaviour
    • What did Godar et al (2014) find about mice with the MAOA gene switched off?
      They exhibited hyperaggressive behaviour
    • What is the role of the innate-releasing mechanism (IRM) in aggression?
      It activates fixed action patterns (FAPs)
    • What characterizes fixed action patterns (FAPs)?
      They are universal and stereotyped behaviours
    • What did Tinbergen (1951) demonstrate about FAPs?
      Male sticklebacks respond to red spots aggressively
    • What did Goodall (2010) observe about chimpanzees?
      They slaughtered rivals despite appeasement signals
    • What did Hunt (1973) suggest about FAPs?
      They may vary in duration and target
    • What did Bremner's work (1993) link to aggression?
      MAOA activity and levels of aggression
    • What is sexual jealousy linked to in males?
      Paternity uncertainty and cuckoldry risk
    • What are the two types of male retention strategies proposed by Wilson and Daly (1996)?
      Direct guarding and negative inducements
    • What did Shackleford et al (2005) find about aggression in married couples?
      Positive correlation between retention strategies and aggression
    • What did Wilson et al (1995) find regarding male retention strategies?
      53% of respondents feared for their lives
    • How might bullying be viewed from an evolutionary perspective?
      As a means to reinforce power and resources
    • What did Volk et al (2012) suggest about bullying?
      It may have an evolutionary advantage
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