development of face

• What structures form the tongue at week 4?

  2 lateral swellings and 1 medial swelling
• What is the tuberculum impar made from?

  Mesoderm of the 1st pharyngeal arch
• What is the copula eminence derived from?

  Mesoderm of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th arches
• What does the epiglottal swelling develop from?

  Posterior portion of the 4th arch
• What are the key developments of the tongue from week 5 to 5 months?

  • Lateral swellings merge to form body
  • Root formed from 2nd, 3rd, and 4th arches
  • Epiglottis develops from epiglottal swelling
• What is the body of the adult tongue?

  Anterior 2/3 of the tongue
• What is the root of the adult tongue?

  Posterior 1/3 of the tongue
• Where is the epiglottis located in the adult tongue?

  At the base of the tongue
• What does the median sulcus become in the tongue?

  Lingual septum internally
• What is the terminal sulcus?

  A groove in the tongue's surface
• What is the foramen caecum?

  A small pit at the base of the tongue
• What is the innervation of tongue muscles derived from?

  • Mostly from myoblasts in occipital somites
  • Innervated by hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
• What provides general sensory innervation to the body of the tongue?

  Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
• What provides special sensory innervation for taste in the body of the tongue?

  Chorda tympani from facial nerve
• What nerve provides sensory innervation to the root of the tongue?

  Glossopharyngeal nerve
• Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the very posterior portion of the tongue?

  Vagus nerve
• What provides special sensory innervation to the root of the tongue?

  Glossopharyngeal nerve
• What are the key developments in facial development at weeks 5-6?

  • Nasal placodes form nasal pits
  • Lateral and medial nasal prominences develop
  • Maxillary prominences merge with nasal prominences to form upper lip
  • Mandibular prominences merge to form lower lip and jaw
• What occurs during facial development at weeks 6-7?

  • Lateral nasal prominence and maxillary prominence separated by nasolacrimal groove
  • Forms nasolacrimal duct
  • Maxillary prominences enlarge to form cheeks and maxillae
• What are the developments of the nose from weeks 9-10?

  • Frontonasal prominence forms bridge of nose
  • Medial nasal prominences merge to form crest and tip
  • Lateral nasal prominences form alae of nose
  • Nasal septum develops from frontonasal prominence
• What happens to nasal pits during weeks 9-10?

  • Nasal placodes deepen and form primordial nasal sacs
  • Give rise to nasal epithelium and nostrils
• What is the intermaxillary segment formed from?

  Merged medial nasal prominences
• What does the labial component of the intermaxillary segment form?

  Philtrum of the upper lip
• What does the upper jaw component of the intermaxillary segment carry?

  4 incisor teeth
• What does the palatal component of the intermaxillary segment form?

  Triangular primary palate
• What is the primary palate?

  • Part of the intermaxillary segment
• What is the secondary palate formed from?

  • Main part of definitive palate (hard and soft)
  • Formed from palatine shelves
• How do palatine shelves grow to form the secondary palate?

  Grow down and then fuse at midline
• What delineates where primary and secondary palates fuse?

  Incisive foramen
• What are the characteristics of facial clefts?

  • Occur in 1/700 babies yearly
  • Can be unilateral or bilateral
  • Associated with smoking, drinking, and lack of folic acid, anti-seizure medications
  • Can occur as part of DiGeorge syndrome or Pierre Robin sequence
• What are anterior cleft deformities?

  • Cleft anterior to incisive foramen
  • Due to lack of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal prominences
  • Surgery between 3-6 months old
• What are posterior cleft deformities?

  • Cleft posterior to incisive foramen
  • Involves secondary palate and cleft uvula
  • Surgery between 6-12 months old
• What causes posterior cleft deformities?

  Failure of fusion of palatine shelves
• What are the potential causes of posterior cleft deformities?

  Small shelves or failure to elevate
• When is surgery typically performed for anterior cleft deformities?

  Between 3-6 months old
• When is surgery typically performed for posterior cleft deformities?

  Between 6-12 months old