Introduction to skeletal

• What are the five classifications of bones by shape?

  Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
• What is the primary function of long bones?

  Provide leverage and support
• Give an example of a short bone.

  Carpals
• What do flat bones primarily do?

  Protect internal organs and provide muscle attachment
• What is an example of an irregular bone?

  Vertebrae
• What is the function of sesamoid bones?

  Reduce friction in tendons
• What are the primary functions of bones?

  1. Support: Framework for the body
  2. Protection: Encase vital organs
  3. Movement: Act as levers for muscles
  4. Mineral Storage: Reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
  5. Blood Cell Production: Red bone marrow produces red blood cells
  6. Fat Storage: Yellow bone marrow stores triglycerides
• What is intramembranous ossification?

  Direct bone formation from mesenchymal tissue
• What is the difference between pediatric and adult skeletons?

  Pediatric skeletons have more cartilage and growth plates
• What is osteoporosis?

  Reduced bone density leading to fractures
• What are the types of fractures?

  1. Simple (closed): Bone does not break skin
  2. Compound (open): Bone breaks through skin
  3. Stress fractures: Small cracks from repetitive strain
• What is osteoarthritis?

  Degeneration of joint cartilage
• What causes rickets or osteomalacia?

  Vitamin D deficiency causing soft bones
• What is a benign bone tumor example?

  Osteochondroma
• What characterizes fibrous joints?

  Connected by dense connective tissue with little movement
• What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

  1. Synchondrosis: Hyaline cartilage (e.g., growth plates)
  2. Symphysis: Fibrocartilage (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)
• What is a characteristic of synovial joints?

  Freely movable with a joint cavity
• What are the components of a synovial joint?

  1. Articular cartilage: Covers bone ends
  2. Synovial fluid: Lubricates and nourishes
  3. Joint capsule: Encloses joint cavity
  4. Synovial membrane: Produces synovial fluid
  5. Ligaments: Connect bones for stability
  6. Bursa: Reduces friction
  7. Tendons: Connect muscles to bones
• What is an example of a hinge joint?

  Elbow
• What is an example of a pivot joint?

  Atlantoaxial joint
• What movement does a ball and socket joint allow?

  Multiaxial movement including rotation
• What is the movement allowed by a saddle joint?

  Biaxial with more freedom than condylar
• What are the types of synovial joints and their movements?

  1. Hinge Joint: Flexion and extension (e.g., elbow)
  2. Plane Joint: Sliding or gliding (e.g., intercarpal joints)
  3. Ball and Socket Joint: Multiaxial (e.g., shoulder)
  4. Condylar Joint: Biaxial (e.g., wrist)
  5. Pivot Joint: Rotation (e.g., atlantoaxial joint)
  6. Saddle Joint: Biaxial with more freedom (e.g., thumb)