B lymphocytes

• What is apoptosis?

  Programmed cell death
• What is another word for non-self?

  Foreign
• Phagocytosis is an example of which type of defence?

  Non-specific
• What biological molecules usually allow us to distinguish one type of cell from another?

  Protein (antigen)
• What were the 4 main things that the immune system needs to identify?

  Pathogens, non-self material, toxins, abnormal body cells
• How many different types of lymphocytes roughly exist?

  10 million
• What type of drug is usually given to someone after a transplant?

  Immunosuppressants
• What are antigens recognized as by the immune system?

  Non-self
• What usually composes antigens on pathogens?

  Proteins on membranes or cell walls
• What triggers antibody production?

  Presence of an antigen
• What are the two types of lymphocytes and their functions?

  • B Lymphocytes:
  • Mature in bone marrow
  • Humoral immunity
  • Produce antibodies
  • T Lymphocytes:
  • Mature in thymus
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Do not produce antibodies
• What is the role of T lymphocytes in the immune response?

  Involves cells rather than bodily fluid
• How do T lymphocytes recognize infected cells?

  By detecting antigens on their surface
• What are antigen-presenting cells and their types?

  • Cells that display foreign antigens
  • Types include:

  1. Phagocytes
  2. Body cells invaded by viruses
  3. Cancer cells
  4. Transplanted cells
• What is cell-mediated immunity?

  T lymphocytes respond to antigens on body cells
• What do T cells have that respond to specific antigens?

  Receptors that respond to one antigen
• What happens when a specific helper T cell binds to an antigen?

  It activates the T cell to divide rapidly
• What do clones of helper T cells develop into?

  Memory cells or stimulate other immune responses
• What do cytotoxic T cells do?

  Kill abnormal and pathogen-infected cells
• How do killer T cells destroy infected cells?

  By producing perforin to make holes
• What is the role of plasma cells in the immune response?

  Secrete antibodies into blood plasma
• What do memory cells do in the immune response?

  Control the secondary immune response
• What is the summary of humoral immunity?

  1. B cells take up antigens from pathogens
  2. B cells process and present antigens
  3. Helper T cells activate and attach to processed antigens
  4. B cells stimulated to divide by mitosis
  5. Clones produce and secrete specific antibodies
  6. Antibodies attach to and destroy pathogens
  7. Some B cells become memory cells
• What is clonal selection in B cells?

  When B cells divide to produce specific antibodies
• What happens when pathogens have multiple different antigens?

  Many different B cells are cloned
• What is the function of antibodies in the immune response?

  Destroy the complementary antigen
• How do memory cells contribute to long-term immunity?

  They divide rapidly upon encountering an antigen
• What is the difference in antibody secretion between primary and secondary immune responses?

  More antibodies are secreted faster in secondary response