Organic Chemistry (C7)

• What is the primary element in organic compounds?

  Carbon
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Hydrocarbons
• Why are alkanes considered saturated hydrocarbons?

  They contain only single covalent bonds
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• What does the prefix "meth-" indicate in an alkane name?

  1 carbon atom
• Why is fractional distillation used to separate crude oil?

  Different hydrocarbons have different boiling points
• What is the fraction collected at the top of the fractionating column called?

  LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas)
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces
• What are the products of complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• Why are shorter alkanes more flammable than longer ones?

  They have weaker intermolecular forces
• What is the functional group in alkenes?

  Carbon-carbon double bond
• Why is bromine water used to test for alkenes?

  It turns colorless when it reacts with alkenes
• What is the name of the product when bromine reacts with ethene?

  1,2-dibromoethane
• Why is cracking used in the petroleum industry?

  To produce shorter alkanes and alkenes
• What is the temperature required for catalytic cracking?

  Around 550°C
• What is the main difference between addition polymerization and condensation polymerization?

  Addition polymerization does not produce water, while condensation polymerization does
• What is the monomer used to make polyethene?

  Ethene
• Why is water produced in condensation polymerization?

  Because functional groups react and release water
• What are the two functional groups in amino acids?

  Amino group and carboxyl group
• Why is DNA considered a polymer?

  It is made up of repeating nucleotide monomers
• What is the monomer of starch?

  Glucose
• Why is cellulose different from starch even though both are made from glucose?

  Cellulose is made from beta glucose, while starch is made from alpha glucose
• What are the main fractions obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil?

  • LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas)
  • Petrol
  • Kerosene
  • Diesel oil
  • Heavy fuel oil
• What are the key differences between alkanes and alkenes?

  • Alkanes are saturated (single bonds), alkenes are unsaturated (double bonds)
  • Alkanes do not react with bromine water, alkenes do
  • Alkanes have the general formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$, alkenes have $C_nH_{2n}$
• What are the steps involved in cracking alkanes?

  1. Heat the long-chain alkane
  2. Break the carbon-carbon bonds
  3. Form shorter alkanes and alkenes
• What are the properties of polymers?

  • Made from monomers
  • Can be formed through addition or condensation polymerization
  • Have repeating units
  • Can be natural (e.g., DNA, proteins) or synthetic (e.g., plastics)
• What are the main uses of different fractions of crude oil?

  • LPG: Fuel for heating and cooking
  • Petrol: Fuel for cars
  • Kerosene: Jet fuel
  • Diesel oil: Fuel for lorries and cars
  • Heavy fuel oil: Fuel for large ships
• What are the key reactions of alcohols?

  • Combustion: Produces carbon dioxide and water (complete) or carbon monoxide and water (incomplete)
  • Reaction with sodium: Produces sodium alkoxide and hydrogen
  • Oxidation: Produces carboxylic acids
• What are the key differences between addition and condensation polymerization?

  • Addition polymerization: No by-products, requires monomers with double bonds
  • Condensation polymerization: Produces water as a by-product, requires monomers with two functional groups
• What are the key features of DNA?

  • Double helix structure
  • Made from nucleotide monomers
  • Stores genetic information
• What are the key features of proteins?

  • Made from amino acid monomers
  • Formed through condensation polymerization
  • Have a variety of functions in the body
• What are the key features of starch and cellulose?

  • Both are polymers of glucose
  • Starch is made from alpha glucose, cellulose from beta glucose
  • Starch is used for energy storage, cellulose for structural support
• What is crude oil formed from?

  Plankton buried underwater
• What happens during fractional distillation of crude oil?

  Hydrocarbons evaporate and condense at different heights
• What is the use of kerosene?

  Jet fuel
• What is the purpose of cracking in the petroleum industry?

  To produce shorter alkanes and alkenes
• What is the difference between addition and condensation polymerization?

  Addition polymerization does not produce water, while condensation polymerization does
• What happens when an alcohol is oxidized?

  It forms a carboxylic acid
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Double helix
• What is the function of proteins in the body?

  They have a variety of functions, including structural support and catalysis