P1

• What is the principle that energy is never created or destroyed called?

  Conservation of energy
• What does the term "work done" refer to in physics?

  Energy transferred to an object
• What is thermal or internal energy related to?

  Temperature of an object
• What type of energy is associated with the movement of an object?

  Kinetic energy
• What type of energy is held in chemical bonds?

  Chemical energy
• How can energy be transferred between different forms?

  Mechanically, electrically, by heating, or by radiation
• What is an open system in physics?

  A system that can exchange energy with the outside world
• What is a closed system in physics?

  A system where neither matter nor energy can enter or leave
• In the example of a kettle, what type of energy transfer occurs when the heating element warms the water?

  Electrical energy to thermal energy
• What happens to the energy in a closed system when energy is transferred within it?

  The overall change in energy is zero
• What are the two main types of work done?

  Mechanical and electrical
• In the example of a train applying brakes, what type of energy transfer occurs?

  Kinetic energy to thermal energy
• What are the different forms of energy mentioned in the study material?

  • Thermal or internal energy
  • Kinetic energy
  • Gravitational potential energy
  • Elastic potential energy
  • Chemical energy
  • Magnetic energy
  • Electrostatic energy
  • Nuclear energy
• What are the key differences between an open system and a closed system?

  Open system:

  • Can exchange energy with the outside world
  • Can lose or gain energy

  
  

  Closed system:

  • Cannot exchange energy or matter with the outside world
  • Overall energy change is zero
• How does energy transfer occur in the example of a kettle?

  1. Electrical energy from the plug socket flows to the heating element
  2. Energy is transferred electrically to the thermal energy store of the heating element
  3. Heating element transfers energy to the water's thermal energy store
  4. Water boils
• How does energy transfer occur in the example of a train applying brakes?

  1. Brakes create friction with the wheels
  2. Friction does work, transferring energy from the wheel's kinetic energy store to the thermal energy store of the surroundings
  3. Train slows down due to energy transfer
• What type of energy is associated with the position of an object in a gravitational field?

  Gravitational potential energy
• What type of energy is held in a stretched spring?

  Elastic potential energy
• What type of energy is associated with magnets?

  Magnetic energy
• What type of energy is associated with electrostatic shocks?

  Electrostatic energy
• What type of energy is released when atoms are broken apart?

  Nuclear energy
• What does it mean when energy is transferred mechanically?

  Energy is transferred by physical force or movement
• What does it mean when energy is transferred electrically?

  Energy is transferred by the flow of electrical current
• What does it mean when energy is transferred by heating?

  Energy is transferred due to a temperature difference
• What does it mean when energy is transferred by radiation?

  Energy is transferred by light or sound waves
• What type of energy transfer occurs when you kick a ball?

  Chemical energy to kinetic energy
• What type of energy transfer occurs when you plug an appliance into a socket?

  Electrical energy to thermal energy
• Why is the overall change in energy zero in a closed system?

  Because energy cannot enter or leave the system
• Why does friction do work when a train applies its brakes?

  Because it transfers kinetic energy to thermal energy
• Why is the energy in each energy store not fixed?

  Because energy can be transferred between different stores
• Why is the term "system" used in physics?

  To describe a collection of matter and its energy transfers
• Why is the energy transfer in a kettle considered an example of an open system?

  Because energy is exchanged with the outside world
• Why is the energy transfer in a closed system different from an open system?

  Because energy cannot enter or leave a closed system
• Why is the energy transfer in a train applying brakes considered an example of mechanical work done?

  Because it involves a force to slow down the train
• What is kinetic energy?

  The energy an object possesses due to its motion
• Why is the energy transfer in a kettle considered an example of electrical work done?

  Because it involves the flow of electrical current
• What two factors determine the kinetic energy of an object?

  Speed and mass
• Why is the energy transfer in a train applying brakes considered an example of energy transfer by heating?

  Because kinetic energy is transferred to thermal energy
• How does speed affect kinetic energy?

  Faster speed increases kinetic energy
• Why is the energy transfer in a kettle considered an example of energy transfer by heating?

  Because electrical energy is transferred to thermal energy