BEMBANG THEORY

• What is the Big Bang Theory?

  Most accepted theory of the universe's origin
• What are the stages of the Big Bang Theory?

  1. Singularity
  2. Inflation
  3. Annihilation
  4. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
  5. Recombination
• What is a singularity in the context of the Big Bang Theory?

  An infinitely small point of high temperature
• What does inflation refer to in the Big Bang Theory?

  Rapid expansion of the universe
• What occurs during annihilation in the Big Bang Theory?

  Energy forms pairs of matter and anti-matter
• What is Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?

  Formation of light elements
• What happens during recombination in the Big Bang Theory?

  Electrons combine with protons to form atoms
• What are the light elements formed in the universe?

  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Lithium (Li)
  • Helium (He)
  • Beryllium (Be)
• What are isotopes?

  Same atomic number but different mass number
• What happens when atoms collapse due to gravity?

  They form stars, planets, and galaxies
• What are the evidences of the Big Bang?

  1. Red Shift Theory
  2. Relative Abundance of light elements
  3. Cosmic Microwave Background
• What does the Red Shift Theory imply?

  Objects are moving away, space is expanding
• What is the relative abundance of hydrogen in the universe?

  74%
• What is the relative abundance of helium in the universe?

  24%
• What is the relative abundance of other elements in the universe?

  2%
• What is the Cosmic Microwave Background?

  The cooled remnant of the first light
• What are the two types of nuclear reactions?

  1. Nuclear Fission
  2. Nuclear Fusion
• What is nuclear fission?

  Splitting of an atomic nucleus
• What is nuclear fusion?

  Combining two atomic nuclei into one
• What is stellar nucleosynthesis?

  Releases light, heat, and radioactive energy
• What is a stellar nebula made of?

  Dust and gases, mostly hydrogen and helium
• What is a main sequence star?

  A star fusing hydrogen into helium
• What is the proton-proton chain reaction?

  Hydrogen is converted into helium
• What is the CNO cycle?

  Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen cycle in high mass stars
• What is the triple alpha cycle?

  Helium is converted into carbon
• What is the alpha ladder process?

  Sequence of nucleosynthesis steps in extreme heat
• How are heavy elements synthesized?

  Through S-PROCESS involving slow neutron capture
• What is a supernova explosion?

  Releases energy to synthesize heavy elements
• What is the R-PROCESS?

  Involves rapid neutron capture by atoms
• Who proposed the idea that all things are made of smaller indivisible parts?

  Leucippus and Democritus
• What did Democritus believe about atoms?

  Atoms make up most things in the universe
• What does the word "atomos" mean?

  Uncuttable or indivisible
• What did Anaxagoras propose?

  Infinite number of elementary natural substances
• What did Empedocles argue about matter?

  Everything is made of four unchanging kinds
• What did Plato propose about matter?

  Proposed geometric solids
• What did Aristotle give proportions of?

  Essential qualities: hot, dry, cold, wet
• What did Mesopotamians assign symbols to?

  Match metals with heavenly bodies
• What did Egyptians perfect in metalwork?

  Perfected the use of bronze
• What did the Chinese focus on in their processes?

  Finding minerals, plants, and substances
• What type of alchemy did Indians use?

  Rasayana