AO1

• What is the primary hormone that increases emotional response to others' needs in women?

  Oestrogen
• Why might fathers in the Aka culture be more involved in daily care of their children?

  They help keep their children alive through daily care
• If a father works several hundred miles away from home, what economic factor is affecting his involvement in the family?


  Distance from home for income provision
• How does the quality of fathers' play with infants relate to adolescent attachments according to Grossman's study?

  It is related to the quality of adolescent attachments
• At what age did Schaffer and Emerson find that 75% of infants formed an attachment with their father?

  18 months
• What behavior did primary caregiver fathers exhibit that is important in building attachment with infants?

  Smiling, imitating, and holding infants
• What might be the impact of a difficult temperament in an infant on father involvement according to Manlove et al?

  Fathers are less likely to be involved
• How does the role of the father in attachment differ from that of the mother according to Grossman's study?

  Fathers' role is more about play and stimulation
• What percentage of infants studied by Schaffer and Emerson formed an attachment with their father by 18 months?

  75%
• What social policy change in the UK in 2003 affected fathers' involvement in child care?

  Introduction of paternal leave
• If a father is a primary caregiver, what behaviors might he exhibit that are similar to mothers?

  Smiling, imitating, and holding infants
• How might cultural factors influence the role of the father in attachment?

  Cultural expectations can shape fathers' involvement in child care
• What did Frodi et al find about men's psychological response to infant cues compared to women's?

  It was the same as women's
• What is the key factor in the attachment relationship according to the study material?

  Level of responsiveness
• If a father is not the primary caregiver, what role might he typically adopt in attachment?

  Secondary caregiver role
• How might economic factors influence the attachment between a father and his infant?

  Economic factors can limit fathers' time and involvement
• What did Freeman et al find about male children's preference for attachment figures?

  Male children prefer their father as an attachment figure
• What did Schaffer and Emerson find about the timing of infants' attachment to their mothers?

  Infants became attached to their mothers first around 7 months
• If a father is a primary caregiver, what might be the impact on the infant's attachment?

  The infant may form a strong attachment to the father
• How does the role of the father in attachment differ across cultures?

  Cultural expectations and economic factors shape fathers' roles
• What is the primary hormone that increases emotional response to others' needs in women?

  Oestrogen
• What did Presser (1988) find about the increase in men's domestic involvement?

  It was due to shifting labor force and opportunities
• Why might fathers in the Aka culture be more involved in daily care of their children?

  Because their culture involves considerable amounts of daily care
• What did Field find about primary caregiver fathers' interactions with infants?

  They spent more time smiling, imitating, and holding infants
• What percentage of infants formed an attachment with their father by the age of 18 months according to Schaffer and Emerson?

  75%
• If a father is a secondary caregiver, what might be the impact on the infant's attachment?

  The infant may form a weaker attachment to the father
• How do economic factors affect fathers' involvement in the family?

  They often work long hours or far from home to provide income
• How might social policies influence the attachment between a father and his infant?

  Policies like paternal leave can increase fathers' involvement
• What did Frodi et al find about men's psychological response to infants compared to women's?

  It was the same as women's
• What did Manlove et al find about fathers' involvement with infants with difficult temperaments?

  Fathers are less likely to be involved
• Why might the pattern of attachment between father and children differ across countries?

  Due to differences in social policies like paternal leave
• What did Grossman find about the relationship between mothers' attachment and children's attachments in adolescence?

  Quality of infant attachment with mothers was related to adolescent attachments
• According to Freeman et al, which gender of children is more likely to prefer their father as an attachment figure?

  Male children
• What did Manlove et al find about fathers' involvement with infants who have a difficult temperament?

  Fathers are less likely to be involved
• At what age do infants typically form an attachment with their mother according to Schaffer and Emerson?

  Around 7 months
• What did Grossman's longitudinal study reveal about the role of fathers in attachment?

  Fathers' play with infants was related to adolescent attachments
• What behavior did primary caregiver fathers exhibit more than secondary caregiver fathers according to Field's study?

  Smiling, imitating, and holding infants
• What is the key factor in building attachment with an infant according to Field's study?

  Level of responsiveness
• What are the main factors influencing the role of the father in attachment?

  • Cultural factors
  • Economic factors
  • Biological factors
  • Social policies
  • Child's age and gender
  • Child's temperament
• How do cultural and economic factors interact to influence fathers' involvement in child care?

  • Cultural expectations may limit fathers' direct involvement in care
  • Economic necessity may require fathers to work long hours or far from home
  • Shifting labor force and opportunities can increase fathers' domestic involvement