Alcohols

• What functional group do all alcohols contain?

  -OH, which is covalently bonded to a carbon chain

  -OH is responsible for chemical properties and reactivity
• What is the molecular formula of methanol?


  CH₄O
• What is the structural formula of methanol?

  CH₃OH
• What is the molecular formula of ethanol?

  C₂H₆O
• What is the structural formula of ethanol?

  CH₃CH₂OH
• What is the molecular formula of propan-1-ol?


  C₃H₈O
• What is the structural formula of propan-1-ol?

  CH₃CH₂CH₂OH
• What is the molecular formula of butan-1-ol?

  C₄H₁₀O
• What is the structural formula of butan-1-ol?


  CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH
• Displayed formula of methanol

  1 Carbon

  
• displayed formula for ethanol

  2 Carbon

  
• displayed formula of propan-1-ol

  3 carbon

  
• displayed formula of Butan-1-ol

  4 carbon

  
• 3 ways in which ethanol can be oxidised by?

  Burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion), reaction with oxygen in air to form ethanoic acid (microbial oxidation), heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to form ethanoic acid
• Equation for the oxidation of ethanol by burning complete combustion)

  $C_2H_5OH(l)\ +$$3O_2(g)\ ->2CO_2(g)\ +$$3H_2O(l)$
• Microbial oxidation of ethanol (ethanol oxidised by air with the help of microbes e.g yeast/bacteria)

  Ethanol converts to ethanoic acid

  Ethanol + oxygen -> ethanoic acid + water

  A)

  
• Oxidation of ethanol by heating potassium dichromate (VI) in dilute sulphuric acid process

  add a few drops of ethanol to an orange mixture of potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid

  heat

  colour changes from orange -> green
• Oxidation of ethanol by heating potassium dichromate (VI) in dilute sulphuric acid equation

  $CH_3CH_2OH+$$2\left[O\right]->CH_3CH_2COOH+$$H_2O$

  Where [O] is the oxidising agent
• Two ways in which ethanol can be produced?

  Fermentation, Hydration of Ethene
• What resources are used in fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol?

  Renewable resources like sugar beet/sugar cane
• What Type of process is fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol?

  Batch Process: everything mixed together and left for several days in a reaction vessel

  Inefficient method
• Quality of ethanol produced from fermenting glucose


  impure ethanol, requires further processing
• Production of ethanol by fermenting glucose equation

  $C_6H_{12}O_6(aq)->2C_2H_5(aq)+$$2CO_2(g)$
• Conditions needed for the fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol

  30ºC

  enzymes in yeast

  anaerobic
• Why must the reaction be anaerobic? (fermentation)

  If oxygen is present no ethanol will form, instead water and carbon dioxide will form
• why must the temperature for fermenting glucose be between 30ºC - 40ºC?

  So that the enzymes can work at their optimum temperature
• What resources are used in the hydration of ethene to form ethanol?

  Finite resources
• what type of process is the hydration of ethene?

  continuous flow process: stream of reactants is constantly passed over the catalyst

  more efficient than batch process
• Quality of ethanol produced from the hydration of ethene?


  much purer ethanol
• hydration of ethene to produce ethanol word equation 


  ethene + steam -> ethanol
• displayed formula equation for hydration of Ethene to form ethanol 


  .

  
• conditions needed for ethanol to produce by the hydration of Ethene

  300ºC

  Pressure: 60-70 atm

  Catalyst: Phosphoric Acid