globalisation

• Globalisation?


  Refers to the increasing interconnectedness of societies
• Causes of globalisation?


  • new technologies
  • global mass media
  • cheap air travel
  • easier movements (migration)
  • deregulation of financial markets
• Held et al - globalisation?

  Interconnectedness of crime across national borders
• TOC?

  Transnational organised crime - crime organised across national borders, involving groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country to plan and execute criminal activity
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime?

  Estimated global criminal economy to be worth 1.3 trillion in revenue in 2018
• Castells?


  There is now a global criminal economy worth over one trillion dollars per year
• Human trafficking?


  The illegal movement and smuggling of people for a variety of purposes:

  • organ trafficking
  • prostitution
  • forced labour/slavery
• Human trafficking - national crime agency?

  Estimated 13,000 in Britain - mix of slavery, prostitution and domestic staff
• Modern day slavery?

  Illegal exploitation of people for personal or commercial gain. Includes sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, forced labour, criminal exploitation and organ harvesting
• Castell - money laundering?

  'matrix of global crime' - criminals, drug dealers and human traffickers, need to launder to avoid their criminal activities from coming to the attention of law-enforcement agencies
• Deregulation of global financial markets - money laundering?

  Makes it very difficult for law-enforcement agencies to track the sources of money and hard to identify which country is responsible for law-enforcement
• Detica - cyber crime?

  Costs the UK 27 billion each year
• Examples of cyber crime?

  • internet fraud
  • child pornography
  • terrorist networking
  • identity theft
  • hacking
• Why is cyber crime such a threat?

  One of the fastest growing criminal activities in the world

  Difficult to police as it is global as well as police deeming it a low priority
• Cyber crime - terrorism?

  ISIS used Youtube, Twitter, Instagram and Tumblr to conduct high-media jihad and advertise its message globally, creating a global militant network to organise terrorist attacks in Western countries
• Globalisation - columbia?


  20% of the population depend on cocaine for their livelihood
• Supply and demand?


  Demand for these products and services in the west drive crime

  Third world countries such as Columbia and Afghanistan have large populations of impoverished people
• Why are secondary sources such as Interpol and Europol unreliable?


  They may exaggerate to secure extra funding
• Why is investigating global crime so difficult?

  • difficult to measure
  • no accurate way it can be estimated
  • primary research is dangerous
  • disagreement on how to define crime
  • difficulty establishing where the crime has taken place or which country should deal with the offence
• Globalisation risk consciousness?


  Risk is seen as global rather than tied to a particular context.

  For example, the increased movement of people (asylum seekers and economic migrants) has given rise to the western need to 'protect the borders'
• What does globalisation risk consciousness lead to?

  Intensification of social control at a national level, eg tightened border control
• Global risk consciousness - postmodernism, Beck?

  Argue global crime has created a new set of worries and anxieties

  Previously, any risk of becoming a victim of crime originated in our local environment (eg being mugged by the person down the road)

  Increasingly we are at risk of crime from thousands of miles away
• Postmodernism - migration?


  Negative media coverage of immigrants (terrorists/scroungers/flooding the country) has increased hate crimes against minorities in the West
• Global criminal networks?


  Complex interconnections between criminal networks which transcend national boundaries, including the American Mafia, the Russian mafia and Columbian drug cartels
• How have global criminal networks developed?

  Growth of an information age in which knowledge as well as goods and people can move quickly and easily across national boundaries
• Glenny?


  Networks form a global criminal economy accounting for 15% of global trade
• Drug trafficking estimate?


  8% of world trade
• How many people are trafficked each year?

  4-5 million
• McMafia?


  Glenny

  Refers to organisations from Russia/ Eastern Europe after the collapse of the USSR

  The new Russian mafias were purely economic organisations formed to pursue self interest
• What is the McMafia an example of?

  A glocal organisation
• Hobbs and Dunningham?


  The large scale 'mafia-style' criminal organisation is of the past

  Crime works as a 'glocal' system, locally based but with gloval connections eg international drugs trade requires local drug dealers
• Hobbs?


  Coined 'global' to describe interconnectivity between local and global crime, with transnational crime really rooted in local context with global links
• Taylor (marxist)?

  Globalisation has created an interconnectedness of the financial market, which has created greater inequality and rising crime
• Lash and Urry?


  Globalisation has been accompanied by less regulation and fewer state controls over business and finance - 'disorganised capitalism'
• Globalisation, capitalism and crime?

  Undermines social cohesion and combines with the lack of opportunity to fuel crime, as people search for alternative opportunities of obtaining the consumerist lifestyles promoted by global media
• Marxists - globalisation?


  Easier to exploit workers in the developing world because they lack workers' rights

  Crimes against employees are increasingly global due to MNCs
• International labour organisation estimate?

  651,000 workers die in the developing world from exposure to hazardous materials

  Highly likely this figure is greatly under-estimated because of corruption