experimental design

• What are the types of experiments mentioned?

  Lab, Field, Natural, Quasi
• What is ecological validity?

  It refers to the generalizability of findings
• What is random allocation in experiments?

  Assigning participants randomly to groups
• What are demand characteristics?

  Clues that suggest how participants should behave
• What are participant variables?

  Individual differences among participants
• What is standardisation in experiments?

  Keeping procedures consistent across participants
• What does IV stand for in experiments?

  Independent Variable
• What does DV stand for in experiments?

  Dependent Variable
• What are confounding variables?

  Variables that can affect the results unintentionally
• What are the three experimental designs?

  1. Independent groups
  2. Repeated measures
  3. Matched pairs
• What is independent groups design?

  Different participants in each condition
• How is random allocation used in independent groups design?

  Ensures equal chance of group assignment
• What is a con of independent measures design?

  More participants are needed than repeated measures
• What is a pro of independent measures design?

  Avoids order effects like practice or fatigue
• What are participant variables in independent measures design?

  Differences that may affect results
• What is repeated measures design?

  Same participants in each condition
• What is counterbalancing?

  A method to control order effects
• How does counterbalancing work?

  Participants split into two groups for conditions
• What is a pro of repeated measures design?

  Reduces participant variables due to same participants
• What is a con of repeated measures design?

  Order effects may influence participant behavior
• What is matched pairs design?

  Pairs matched on key variables, one in each group
• What is a con of matched pairs design?

  Loss of data if one participant drops out
• What is a pro of matched pairs design?

  Reduces participant variables through matching
• What is a con of matched pairs design?

  Time-consuming to find closely matched pairs
• What is the summary of experimental design?

  How participants are allocated to conditions
• What is the aim of the card sorting task study?

  To investigate gender differences in behaviors
• How would you ensure the card sorting task is the same for all participants?

  Standardize the instructions and timing
• What methodological issue should be considered when obtaining participants?

  Ensuring a representative sample of genders
• How would you ensure ethical treatment of participants?

  Obtain informed consent and ensure confidentiality
• What is the mean score for extroversion for first born children in the study?

  43
• What is the range of scores in the extroversion study?

  16
• What conclusion can be drawn from the extroversion scores?

  First born and second born are similar in extroversion
• What type of experiment is the card sorting task?

  Natural experiment
• What design is used in the card sorting task study?

  Independent groups design
• What is the mean score for extroversion for only children?

  37
• What is the mean score for extroversion for second or later born children?

  43
• What is the range of scores for the second or later born children?

  12
• What conclusion can be drawn from the second experiment's results?

  First born and second born are less extroverted
• What is the mean score for extroversion for first born children in the second experiment?

  42
• What is the mean score for extroversion for only children in the second experiment?

  48