C7 - organic chemistry

• What do hydrocarbons only contain?

  Hydrogen and carbon atoms
• What type of bonds do alkanes have?

  All C-C single bonds
• How do hydrocarbon properties change with chain length?

  Properties change as the chain gets longer
• What happens to stability as the hydrocarbon chain length increases?

  It becomes more stable and easier to ignite
• What occurs during complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Releases energy, produces CO2 and water
• What are the oxidized components during combustion?

  Both carbon and hydrogen are oxidized
• What is the main ingredient in hydrocarbons?

  Carbon and hydrogen
• What does cracking mean in the context of hydrocarbons?

  Splitting up long-chain hydrocarbons
• What is the purpose of fractional distillation?

  To separate hydrocarbon fractions
• How long does it take for crude oil to form?

  Made over a long period of time
• What are some uses of crude oil?

  Important in modern life
• What are the different methods of cracking?

  There are various methods of cracking
• What are the properties of alkanes that can be compared?

  • Boiling point
  • Flammability
• What is the significance of the approximate number of carbons in hydrocarbon fractions?

  • Indicates the size and properties of hydrocarbons
  • Affects boiling points and uses
• What is the relationship between crude oil and petrol?

  • Petrol is just a fraction of crude oil
  • Crude oil contains various hydrocarbons
• What are organic compounds primarily composed of?

  Carbon forming the backbone of molecules
• What is the origin of crude oil?

  Buried plankton underwater a long time ago
• What are hydrocarbons made up of?

  Carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What are alkanes?

  Chains of single covalently bonded carbon atoms
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C_nH_{2n + 2}
• What suffix do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• What does the prefix in alkane names indicate?

  The length of the carbon chain
• What is the prefix for a 5-carbon alkane?

  Pent-
• Why is crude oil not useful as a mixture?

  It contains different length alkanes
• What process is used to separate different alkanes from crude oil?

  Fractional distillation
• How does fractional distillation work?

  Heated crude oil evaporates and rises
• What happens to gases as they rise in the fractionating column?

  They condense back into liquids at different heights
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is the boiling point trend among alkanes?

  Longer alkanes have higher boiling points
• What is the viscosity trend among alkanes?

  Longer fractions are more viscous
• What are the uses of alkanes?

  Burned as fuel and used to make products
• What is a key difference between alkenes and alkanes?

  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond
• What is a functional group in alkenes?

  C=C double bond
• How can you test for an alkene?

  Add bromine water and observe color change
• What happens when bromine water is added to an alkene?

  It turns colorless if bonded
• What is produced when an alkene reacts with water?

  An alcohol is formed
• What is cracking in organic chemistry?

  Breaking longer alkanes into shorter ones
• What temperature is required for catalytic cracking?

  Around 550°C
• What catalyst is used in catalytic cracking?

  Zeolite