Collection of Data

• What is raw data?

  Unprocessed data that needs organization
• Why is qualitative data often more difficult to analyze?

  It is non-numerical and subjective
• What type of data is height classified as?

  Quantitative data
• What distinguishes discrete data from continuous data?

  Discrete data takes particular values, continuous can take any value
• What is categorical data?

  Data sorted into non-overlapping categories
• How is ordinal data characterized?

  It can be ranked on a rating scale
• What does bivariate data involve?

  Measuring two variables
• What is multivariate data?

  Data made up of more than two variables
• What are the pros and cons of grouping data using tables?

  Pros:

  • Makes data easy to read
  • Helps spot patterns quickly

  
  

  Cons:

  • Loses accuracy of exact values
  • Calculations are only estimates
• What is primary data?

  Data collected by yourself or on your behalf
• What is secondary data?

  Data that has already been collected
• What is a population in research?

  Everyone or everything involved in the investigation
• What is a census?

  A survey of the entire population
• What is a sample?

  A smaller number from the population surveyed
• What is a sampling frame?

  A list of all members of the population
• What is a biased sample?

  A sample that does not represent the population fairly
• What is a random sample?

  Every item has an equal chance of selection
• What is the method for random sampling?

  Assign numbers and select randomly
• What is stratified sampling?

  Sample size is proportional to population strata
• How do you calculate sample size in stratified sampling?

  $\text{stratified sample} =$$\frac{\text{strata}}{\text{total}} \times \text{sample size}$
• What is systematic sampling?

  Choosing items at regular intervals
• How do you determine intervals in systematic sampling?

  Divide population size by sample size
• What is cluster sampling?

  Population divided into natural groups
• What is quota sampling?

  Fixed amount sampled from each group
• What is opportunity sampling?

  Using available people/items at the time
• What is judgment sampling?

  Researcher selects sample based on judgment
• What is the Petersen Capture-Recapture method used for?

  Estimating size of large populations

  
• What is the first step in the Petersen Capture-Recapture method?

  Take a sample of the population
• What is an explanatory variable?

  The variable that is changed in an experiment
• What is a response variable?

  The variable that is measured in an experiment
• What are extraneous variables?

  Variables that could affect the experiment's results
• What are laboratory experiments characterized by?

  Full control over variables in a lab setting
• What is a field experiment?

  Conducted in everyday environments with some control
• What is the advantage of laboratory experiments?

  Easy to replicate and control variables
• What is a disadvantage of field experiments?

  Less control over extraneous variables
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of field experiments?

  Advantages:

  • More accurate results
  • Reflect real-life conditions

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Less control over variables
  • More difficult to replicate
• What is the purpose of experiments in research?

  To see how one variable affects another
• What is the response variable in an experiment?

  The variable that is measured
• What is the explanatory variable in an experiment?

  The variable that is changed
• What are extraneous variables in an experiment?

  Variables that could affect the results