Attachment- Photo

• What is an attachment defined as?

  A close emotional bond between caregiver and infant
• How does attachment develop over time?

  It develops over the first year
• What is reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions?

  A mutual process where each responds to the other
• What does the still face experiment investigate?

  Reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions
• What did Tronick (1979) require mothers to do in his study?

  Maintain a static unsmiling expression
• What was a key finding from Tronick's study on reciprocity?

  Babies became distressed when mothers did not respond
• What does interactional synchrony describe?

  Simultaneous coordinated movements and emotions
• Who conducted a study on interactional synchrony in 1977?

  Meltzoff and Moore
• What was the procedure in Meltzoff and Moore's study?

  An adult displayed facial expressions or gestures
• What did Meltzoff and Moore find regarding infants' responses?

  Infants' actions were associated with adult expressions
• What does the study by Meltzoff and Moore suggest about interactional synchrony?

  It is an innate ability to aid attachment formation
• What are the key points about caregiver-infant interactions?

  • Attachment is a close emotional bond.
  • Reciprocity is a mutual interaction process.
  • Interactional synchrony involves coordinated movements.
  • Tronick's study showed babies expect reciprocity.
  • Meltzoff and Moore found innate synchrony abilities.
• What was the aim of Schaffer's 1964 study?

  To investigate the formation of early attachments
• How many babies did Schaffer study in his research?

  60 babies
• What method did Schaffer use to assess attachment?

  He asked mothers about separation anxiety
• What are the four stages of attachment identified by Schaffer?

  Asocial, indiscriminate, specific, multiple
• What characterizes the asocial stage of attachment?

  Similar behavior towards objects and humans
• At what age do infants enter the indiscriminate stage?

  2 to 7 months
• What behavior do infants show during the specific stage?

  Separation anxiety and anxiety towards strangers
• What percentage of infants show anxiety towards their mother in the specific stage?

  65%
• What is the multiple attachment stage?

  Infants show anxiety towards multiple caregivers
• What percentage of infants are attached to their father by 18 months?

  75%
• What did Schaffer find about primary attachment figures?

  65% of infants attached to their mother
• What role do fathers typically play in attachment according to Schaffer?

  Secondary attachment figures
• What did Grossman's research find about mothers and fathers?

  Mothers provide emotional support, fathers play
• What does Field's research suggest about fathers and mothers?

  Both can fulfill emotionally supportive roles
• What is the procedure of the Strange Situation?

  Infants and caregivers are observed in a room
• What behaviors are recorded in the Strange Situation?

  Separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, proximity
• What characterizes a secure attachment?

  Moderate separation and stranger anxiety
• What is an insecure-avoidant attachment?

  Low separation and stranger anxiety
• What characterizes an insecure-resistant attachment?

  High separation anxiety and clinginess
• What was the aim of Van Ijzendoorn's research?

  To investigate attachment types across cultures
• How many studies did Van Ijzendoorn analyze?

  32 studies
• What did Van Ijzendoorn find about German infants?

  Higher rates of insecure-avoidant attachment
• What did Van Ijzendoorn find about collectivist cultures?

  Higher rates of insecure-resistant attachments
• What does Rutter's research suggest about good care?

  It can compensate for poor early experiences
• How many Romanian orphans did Rutter study?

  165 orphans
• What was a key finding about IQ in Rutter's study?

  Higher IQ for those adopted before 6 months
• What is disinhibited attachment?

  Being friendly to strangers and familiar people
• What does the learning theory of attachment emphasize?

  The idea of 'cupboard love'