Postmodernity, Masculinity and Crime

• Postmodernity: Loss of traditional masculinity and expansion of service sector haas allowed young working class men to have legal employment, lucrative criminal opportunities and a means of expressing their masculinity
• Winlow 2001: Sunderland with de-industrialisation and high unemployment. Bouncers have paid work, illegal sidelines of drugs, duty-free tobacco and alcohol and protection rackets. As well as the opportunity to demonstrate their masculinity through the condoned use of violence. 
• Winlow 2001 → Cloward and Ohlin 1960: conflict subculture in Sunderland and absence of professional criminal subculture meant there was little opportunity for a career in organised crime. 
• Winlow 2001: conflict subculture has allowed violence to be a way to display masculinity and a commodity to earn a living with. 
• Men must use their bodily capital by looking the part and having a sign value of their masculinity for it to be a commodity.