Immunology

    Cards (117)

    • What does DNA stand for?
      Deoxyribonucleic acid
    • What is the primary function of DNA?
      Stores and passes on genetic information
    • What does RNA stand for?
      Ribonucleic acid
    • What is the primary function of RNA?
      Plays an important part in protein synthesis
    • Why is precise language important in science?
      To avoid confusion and ensure clear communication
    • What is immunology the study of?
      The immune system
    • What is the size range of bacteria?
      0.5–5 µm
    • What type of cells are bacteria?
      Prokaryotic
    • What is the size range of yeast cells?
      4–12 µm
    • What type of cells are fungi?
      Eukaryotic
    • What is the size range of protists?
      1 µm–2 mm
    • What type of cells are protists?
      Eukaryotic
    • What is the size range of viruses?
      20–350 nm
    • What type of organisms are viruses?
      Acellular
    • Why are viruses considered acellular?
      They are not made up of cells
    • What is a pathogen?
      A microorganism that causes disease
    • What is an example of a disease caused by bacteria?
      Tuberculosis
    • What is an example of a disease caused by a virus?
      Common cold
    • What is an example of a disease caused by a fungus?
      Yeast infection
    • What is an example of a disease caused by a prion?
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
    • What is an example of a disease caused by a protist?
      Malaria
    • How are bacterial infections typically treated?
      Antibiotics
    • What is a concern regarding the treatment of bacterial infections?
      Increasing antibiotic resistance
    • What is direct transmission of pathogens?
      Physical contact with an infected person or surface
    • What is airborne transmission of pathogens?
      Pathogens carried by dust or droplets in the air
    • What is indirect transmission of pathogens?
      Ingesting contaminated food or water
    • What is the role of the Anopheles mosquito in malaria transmission?
      It is the vector that transmits the Plasmodium parasite
    • What is an antigen?
      A substance that stimulates an immune response
    • What is an antibody?
      A blood protein produced in response to an antigen
    • How do antigens function in the immune system?
      They are recognized as self or non-self and stimulate an immune response
    • What is the role of non-specific defenses in the immune system?
      To provide the first line of defense against pathogens
    • What is the role of specific defenses in the immune system?
      To target and eliminate specific pathogens
    • What is the function of lysozyme?
      It hydrolyzes bonds in bacterial cell walls
    • What is the role of histamine in inflammation?
      It increases blood flow and capillary leakage
    • What is the process of phagocytosis?
      Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens
    • What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
      They present antigens on their plasma membrane
    • What are the key differences between DNA and RNA?
      • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, stores genetic information
      • RNA: Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis
      • DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar
      • DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded
    • What are the main ways pathogens can enter the body?
      • Direct transmission (physical contact, sharing needles)
      • Airborne transmission (inhaling infected droplets)
      • Indirect transmission (contaminated food/water, vectors)
    • What are the main factors that contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?
      • Inadequate sanitation (lack of clean water, poor sewage disposal)
      • Dense populations (overcrowding, lack of social distancing)
      • Ignorance (lack of health information, resistance to prevention measures)
    • What are the main components of the immune response?
      • Non-specific defenses (physical/chemical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis)
      • Specific defenses (action of T cells and B cells, production of antibodies)
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