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B1
Immunology
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Cards (117)
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic
acid
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What is the primary function of DNA?
Stores and passes on
genetic
information
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What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
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What is the primary function of RNA?
Plays an important part in
protein synthesis
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Why is precise language important in science?
To avoid
confusion
and ensure clear
communication
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What is immunology the study of?
The
immune system
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What is the size range of bacteria?
0.5–5
µm
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What type of cells are bacteria?
Prokaryotic
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What is the size range of yeast cells?
4–12
µm
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What type of cells are fungi?
Eukaryotic
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What is the size range of protists?
1
µm–2
mm
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What type of cells are protists?
Eukaryotic
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What is the size range of viruses?
20–350
nm
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What type of organisms are viruses?
Acellular
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Why are viruses considered acellular?
They are not made up of
cells
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What is a pathogen?
A
microorganism
that causes
disease
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What is an example of a disease caused by bacteria?
Tuberculosis
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What is an example of a disease caused by a virus?
Common cold
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What is an example of a disease caused by a fungus?
Yeast
infection
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What is an example of a disease caused by a prion?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
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What is an example of a disease caused by a protist?
Malaria
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How are bacterial infections typically treated?
Antibiotics
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What is a concern regarding the treatment of bacterial infections?
Increasing
antibiotic
resistance
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What is direct transmission of pathogens?
Physical contact with an
infected
person or surface
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What is airborne transmission of pathogens?
Pathogens carried by dust or
droplets
in the air
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What is indirect transmission of pathogens?
Ingesting
contaminated
food or water
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What is the role of the Anopheles mosquito in malaria transmission?
It is the vector that transmits the
Plasmodium
parasite
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What is an antigen?
A substance that stimulates an
immune
response
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What is an antibody?
A blood protein produced in response to an
antigen
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How do antigens function in the immune system?
They are recognized as
self
or
non-self
and stimulate an
immune response
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What is the role of non-specific defenses in the immune system?
To provide the first line of defense against
pathogens
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What is the role of specific defenses in the immune system?
To target and eliminate specific
pathogens
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What is the function of lysozyme?
It
hydrolyzes
bonds in
bacterial
cell walls
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What is the role of histamine in inflammation?
It increases
blood flow
and capillary leakage
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What is the process of phagocytosis?
Phagocytes
engulf and digest
pathogens
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What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
They present
antigens
on their
plasma membrane
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What are the key differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic acid
, stores
genetic information
RNA: Ribonucleic acid, involved in
protein synthesis
DNA has
deoxyribose
sugar, RNA has ribose sugar
DNA is
double-stranded
, RNA is
single-stranded
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What are the main ways pathogens can enter the body?
Direct transmission
(physical contact, sharing
needles
)
Airborne transmission
(inhaling
infected droplets
)
Indirect transmission
(
contaminated food/water
,
vectors
)
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What are the main factors that contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?
Inadequate
sanitation
(lack of clean water, poor sewage disposal)
Dense
populations
(overcrowding, lack of social distancing)
Ignorance (lack of health information, resistance to prevention measures)
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What are the main components of the immune response?
Non-specific defenses
(
physical/chemical barriers
,
inflammation
,
phagocytosis
)
Specific defenses
(action of
T cells
and
B cells
, production of
antibodies
)
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See all 117 cards
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