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Changing Patters in Family
Demography
Life Expectancy & Ageing Population
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Created by
Sofia Majed
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Cards (25)
What does life expectancy refer to?
Number of years a
person
can expect to live
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How is life expectancy estimated?
Based on
average age
at
death
in a population
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What was the estimated life expectancy for men in 2012-2013?
79
years
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What was the estimated life expectancy for women in 2012-2013?
83 years
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What did McKeown (1976) suggest was more important than medical advances?
Improvements
in
environmental conditions
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What contributed to the increase in life expectancy according to McKeown?
Improved
hygiene
,
sanitation
, and
medicine
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When did public health improvements significantly begin?
Early
19th century
(
1800s
)
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What major public health infrastructure was constructed in the 1800s?
Public sewer systems
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What diseases were significantly reduced due to public health improvements?
Cholera
and
typhoid
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What medical advancements have contributed to increased life expectancy?
Vaccines and
antibiotics
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How have higher living standards affected death rates?
They have assisted in
reducing
death rates
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What factors contribute to higher living standards?
Higher wages
,
better food
, and
amenities
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How has improved transportation affected food availability?
Allowed import of foods
year-round
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What significant change occurred in public health and welfare since 1948?
Establishment of the
welfare state
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What role does the NHS play in public health?
Provides
free healthcare
to
the
public
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How has childbirth care improved for women?
Childbirth has become much
safer
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What has contributed to a decrease in the infant mortality rate?
Better
childbirth
care for women
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What has improved public awareness contributed to?
Demand for better
hygiene
and health provisions
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What is the role of websites like NHS Choices?
Provide guidance on
health
prevention and treatments
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How have working conditions improved in the 20th century?
Higher
health and safety standards
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What is an ageing population?
Higher
average age
with more older individuals
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What demographic change contributes to an ageing population?
Decline in the
birth rate
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What percentage of the population was under age 15 in 1901?
About
33%
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What percentage of the population was over age 65 by 2012?
About
17
%
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What does the dependency ratio indicate?
Relationship between
working
and
dependent
population
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