Life Expectancy & Ageing Population

Cards (25)

  • What does life expectancy refer to?
    Number of years a person can expect to live
  • How is life expectancy estimated?
    Based on average age at death in a population
  • What was the estimated life expectancy for men in 2012-2013?
    79 years
  • What was the estimated life expectancy for women in 2012-2013?
    83 years
  • What did McKeown (1976) suggest was more important than medical advances?
    Improvements in environmental conditions
  • What contributed to the increase in life expectancy according to McKeown?
    Improved hygiene, sanitation, and medicine
  • When did public health improvements significantly begin?
    Early 19th century (1800s)
  • What major public health infrastructure was constructed in the 1800s?
    Public sewer systems
  • What diseases were significantly reduced due to public health improvements?
    Cholera and typhoid
  • What medical advancements have contributed to increased life expectancy?
    Vaccines and antibiotics
  • How have higher living standards affected death rates?
    They have assisted in reducing death rates
  • What factors contribute to higher living standards?
    Higher wages, better food, and amenities
  • How has improved transportation affected food availability?
    Allowed import of foods year-round
  • What significant change occurred in public health and welfare since 1948?
    Establishment of the welfare state
  • What role does the NHS play in public health?
    Provides free healthcare to the public
  • How has childbirth care improved for women?
    Childbirth has become much safer
  • What has contributed to a decrease in the infant mortality rate?
    Better childbirth care for women
  • What has improved public awareness contributed to?
    Demand for better hygiene and health provisions
  • What is the role of websites like NHS Choices?
    Provide guidance on health prevention and treatments
  • How have working conditions improved in the 20th century?
    Higher health and safety standards
  • What is an ageing population?
    Higher average age with more older individuals
  • What demographic change contributes to an ageing population?
    Decline in the birth rate
  • What percentage of the population was under age 15 in 1901?
    About 33%
  • What percentage of the population was over age 65 by 2012?
    About 17%
  • What does the dependency ratio indicate?
    Relationship between working and dependent population