Thomas Cromwell

• Who is the main figure discussed in the video about government reform?

  Thomas Cromwell
• Why do historians believe Cromwell revolutionized government?

  He dominated royal government during the break with Rome
• What was the reaction of conservatives like the Duke of Norfolk to Cromwell's reforms?

  They were hostile to his religious reforms
• How did Cromwell's freedom in government compare to the previous decade?

  He had less freedom than before
• What type of council did Cromwell introduce?

  A more professional Privy Council
• How did Henry VIII's reliance on monarchy affect his council meetings?

  He met with leading noblemen and household staff
• Who first suggested a more professional Privy Council?

  Woolsey
• What new financial institutions did Cromwell create?

  To manage revenues from the break with Rome
• What was the first new post created by Cromwell?

  The court of augmentations
• What did the court of augmentations control?

  Land and finances from the Catholic Church
• What was the role of the court of general surveyors?

  Handled ex-monastic lands
• What did the court of first fruits and tenths collect?

  Money previously sent to Rome
• What did the court of wards collect money from?

  Estates of minors under 21
• How did Cromwell increase the importance of Parliament?

  By using it frequently for reforms
• What did the state of finances in the country determine?

  The importance of Parliament
• How was Parliament used during Woolsey's reign?

  Infrequently and for raising revenues
• What is statute law?

  Law made by Parliament with royal consent
• How did Cromwell use Parliament to strengthen royal authority?

  By passing laws for the break from Rome
• What was recognized by the end of the 1530s regarding statute law?

  It represented ultimate authority in England
• Why did Cromwell need to strengthen changes in the church and government?

  Because they were risky and revolutionary
• What were the key reforms Cromwell made in government and Parliament?

  • Introduced a more professional Privy Council
  • Created new financial institutions
  • Increased the role of Parliament
  • Used Parliament frequently for reforms
• What were the new financial institutions created by Cromwell?

  1. Court of Augmentations
  2. Court of General Surveyors
  3. Court of First Fruits and Tenths
  4. Court of Wards
• How did Cromwell's reforms impact the relationship between the monarchy and Parliament?

  • Strengthened royal authority
  • Increased reliance on Parliament for law-making
  • Established statute law as ultimate authority