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💪C3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis
2. DNA code to RNA code (Transcription)
2.2 Assembly of RNA chain from Activated Nucelotides
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Cards (28)
What is the process of assembling RNA from activated nucleotides called?
Transcription
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What enzyme is responsible for RNA molecule assembly?
RNA polymerase
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What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
It assembles RNA using DNA as a
template
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What is the sequence of nucleotides called that is found ahead of the gene to be transcribed?
Promoter
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How does RNA polymerase recognize the promoter?
It has a
complementary
structure that attaches
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What happens after RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter?
It unwinds about two
turns
of the DNA helix
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What does RNA polymerase do as it moves along the DNA strand?
It
unwinds
and separates the DNA strands
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What is the first step in adding a new activated RNA nucleotide?
A
hydrogen bond
forms between DNA and RNA
base
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What happens to the phosphate radicals during RNA nucleotide addition?
Two of
three
phosphates are broken away
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What is released when the phosphate bonds are broken?
Large amounts of
energy
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What is the purpose of the energy released from broken phosphate bonds?
To cause
covalent linkage
in RNA chain
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What sequence does RNA polymerase encounter at the end of the DNA gene?
Chain-terminating
sequence
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What happens when RNA polymerase reaches the chain-terminating sequence?
It breaks away from the
DNA strand
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What happens to the newly formed RNA chain after transcription?
It is released into the
nucleoplasm
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How does the RNA chain relate to the DNA template?
It transmits the DNA code in
complementary
form
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What are the base pairing combinations between DNA and RNA?
Guanine
pairs with
Cytosine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
Adenine
pairs with
Uracil
Thymine
pairs with Adenine
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What are the different types of RNA mentioned?
Pre-mRNA
,
snRNA
, mRNA,
tRNA
,
rRNA
,
miRNA
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What is the primary role of pre-mRNA?
It is processed to form mature mRNA
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What are the two types of segments found in pre-mRNA?
Introns
and
exons
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What happens to introns during mRNA processing?
They are removed by
splicing
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What is the function of small nuclear RNA (snRNA)?
It directs the splicing of
pre-mRNA
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What does messenger RNA (mRNA) do?
It carries
genetic code
to the
cytoplasm
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What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
It transports
activated
amino acids
to
ribosomes
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What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) involved in?
It forms
ribosomes
for
protein assembly
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What do ribosomes consist of?
Ribosomal RNA
and
proteins
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What is the function of microRNA (miRNA)?
It regulates
gene transcription
and
translation
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How long are microRNA (miRNA) molecules?
21
to
23
nucleotides
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What are the roles of the six types of RNA in protein synthesis?
Pre-
mRNA
: Processed to form mRNA
snRNA
: Directs splicing of
pre-mRNA
mRNA: Carries genetic code to cytoplasm
tRNA
: Transports amino acids to ribosomes
rRNA
: Forms ribosomes for protein assembly
miRNA
: Regulates gene transcription and translation
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