ESSAY??

• Who conducted the study on situational variables of obedience?

  Milgram
• What was the effect of proximity on obedience when the teacher was in the same room?

  65% obedience
• What percentage of obedience was observed when the teacher faced the learner's hand?

  30%
• What was the obedience rate when the experimenter communicated over the phone?

  20.5%
• What was the obedience rate in a rundown building compared to Yale University?

  47.5%
• What uniform did the experimenter wear during Milgram's study?

  Grey lab coat
• What was the obedience rate when the experimenter was a member of the public?

  20%
• What are the situational variables affecting obedience according to Milgram's study?

  • Proximity
  • Location
  • Uniform
• What did Bickman find regarding obedience to a security guard?

  People were twice as likely to obey
• What was the effect of a confederate dressed as a security guard in Bickman's study?

  Increased obedience
• What did Miranda et al. find regarding obedience in Spanish students?

  90% obedience
• What criticism did Mandel raise regarding Milgram's findings?

  It can't explain Nazi behavior
• What are the key processes in social influence and social change?

  • Drawing attention
  • Consistency
  • Deeper processing
  • Augmentation principle
  • Snowball effect
  • Social cryptomnesia
• How does normative social influence (NSI) operate in conformity?

  By drawing attention to others' actions
• What did Zimbardo's research suggest about obedience?

  Gradual commitment makes it hard to resist
• What did Nolan et al. find regarding energy-saving messages?

  Significant decrease in energy use
• What did Nemeth suggest about minority influence?

  It has indirect and delayed effects
• What barriers to social change did Bashir et al. identify?

  Negative stereotypes associated with groups
• What methodological issues are associated with studies like Moscovici and Asch?

  Gender and culture may affect validity
• What are the dispositional explanations of obedience according to Adorno?

  • Personality causes high obedience
  • Measured using F-scale
  • Authoritarian personality traits
• What childhood factors contribute to an authoritarian personality?

  Strict parenting and conditional love
• What is a limitation of Adorno's explanation of obedience?

  It has political bias
• What alternative explanation did Christie and Jahoda propose?

  Social identity theory
• What correlation issue is associated with Adorno's F-scale?

  Correlation does not imply causation
• What are the key factors in resistance to social influence?

  • Social support
  • Locus of control
  • Disobedient models
• How does internal locus of control affect resistance to social influence?

  It allows individuals to act independently
• What did Allen and Levine find regarding conformity with a dissenter?

  Conformity decreased with a dissenter present
• What did Milgram find about responsibility in his obedience study?

  10% felt responsible for their actions
• What was the main finding of Asch's conformity study?

  37% conformed to incorrect answers
• What was the effect of group size on conformity in Asch's study?

  3 confederates led to 31.8% conformity
• How did unanimity affect conformity in Asch's study?

  Reduced conformity by one-fourth
• What did Perrin and Spencer find regarding conformity in their study?

  1 out of 346 conformed
• What cultural bias is present in Asch's study?

  Only American males were tested
• What ethical issue was raised in Asch's study?

  Deception of participants
• What are the explanations of conformity according to Deutsch and Gerard?

  • Informational social influence (ISI)
  • Normative social influence (NSI)
• What did Lucas et al. find regarding informational social influence?

  Greater conformity to difficult questions
• How do ISI and NSI work together in conformity?

  They provide social support and information
• What individual differences affect normative social influence?

  Need to be liked
• What did Asch's study reveal about conformity when answers were written down?

  Conformity fell to 12.5%