Post- Transcriptional Modification

• What are the coding sequences in eukaryotic genes called?

  Exons
• What are the non-coding sequences in eukaryotic genes called?

  Introns
• What happens to exons during post-transcriptional modification?

  They are fused together to form mature mRNA

  
• What is the primary mRNA also known as?

  Pre-mRNA
• Why must introns be removed from pre-mRNA?

  To ensure proper protein formation

  
• What is the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA called?

  Splicing

  
• What is mature mRNA ready for?

  Translation into proteins

  
• What does post-transcriptional modification refer to?

  Modification of RNA after transcription
• What happens if introns are included in mature mRNA?

  The resulting protein may not function properly

  
• Where do polypeptides undergo modifications after translation?

  Golgi apparatus or cytosol
• What is cyclic AMP also known as?

  cAMP
• How is cAMP formed?

  By the action of adenyl cyclase on ATP
• What role does cAMP play in eukaryotic cells?

  Activates protein kinases
• What is protein kinase A also known as?

  PKA
• What happens to PKA once it is activated?

  It can activate other proteins
• What enzyme releases glucose from glycogen in muscle cells?

  Glycogen phosphorylase
• How does cAMP affect glycogen phosphorylase?

  It changes the enzyme's shape to expose its active site