prelim

• Headlands and Bays

  Headlands and bay are formed by differential erosion through the processes of hydraulic action and abrasion.

  Hydraulic action is when waves compress trapped air in rocks, creating an explosive blast which weakens and loosens rock fragments.

  Abrasion Is when rock fragments in the waves are thrown against the headland, wearing it away.

  The softer less resistant rock erodes backwards more-quickly forming bays,

  The harder rock erodes more slowly forming headlands and erosion slows down.
• Corrie

  Snow collects on north-facing hollow and the layer of snow compacts

  The ice begins to move downhill and erode the hollow

  Ice plucking is where the glacier freezes onto the loosened rock and pulls it downhill as the glacier moves.

  Abrasion is when rock embedded under the glacier scrape, scratch and smooth the land over which it is moving.

  The ice melts leaving behind an over-deepened hollow and a steep back wall.
• U-shaped valley

  Snow collects on north-facing hollow and the layer of snow compacts.

  The glacier moves down an existing V-shaped valley and erodes the interlocking spurs.

  Plucking erodes interlocking spurs, when the ice freezes onto bedrock, pulling loose rocks away from the valley sides

  Abrasion is when rock embedded under the glacier scrape, scratch and smooth the land over which it is moving

  When the glacier melts it leaves behind a U-shaped valley.
• Caves

  1. Large crack open by hydraulic action of waves
  2. Hydraulic action and abrasion enlarge the crack of the cave
  3. Cave becomes larger
  4. Cave breaks through the headland forming a sea arch
  5. Overtime the sea arch widens and collapses
  6. The arch collapses leaving a sea stack
• Glaciated land uses


  • Tourists are attracted to glaciated upland areas for the natural scenery such as vast mountains and forests with glacial features, rivers and lochs
  • Some glaciated landscapes are designed as national parks and people are attracted to these areas as they are protected
  • Hill sheep farming is common in glaciated areas as they are Hardy and sure footed and are capable to survive in harsh conditions
  • In winter snow collects in corries which enables winter sports such as skiing
  • Ribbon locks provide large quantities of water for water sports
• Coastal land uses

  • Wind turbines can used to take advantage of windy conditions to generate energy
  • The power of waves can be used for renewable energy such as tidal power
  • Tourists are attracted to the natural scenery which includes cliffs, arches, stacks, beaches etc.
  • Sea provides water sports such as water skiing
• Changes in CBD


  Old buildings converted into houses, hotels, restaurants to make use of the little space left in the CBD

  Streets such as Buchanan Street have became pedestrianised to make it safer for shoppers

  Another benefit to streets being pedestrianised is that it reduces the number of cars reducing pollution

  Indoor shopping centres such as Buchanan Galleries were built to encourage shoppers to come back to the CBD as they would no longer be affected by weather

  Low emission zones added to CBD to lower the number of vehicles in the city centre reducing air and noise pollution
• Changes in Inner City

  Some old tenements were renovated by installing double glazed windows and also modernising them

  Some of Glasgow's old tenements had to be destroyed due to their poor living conditions

  New houses encourages people to move to the inner city

  Glasgow's riverfront has seen the addition of the Hydro, SEC Armadillo, Riverside Museum and Science Museum to help encourage tourism and money into Glasgow

  To try improve unemployment the government invested in the service sector with many new jobs being created in call centres
• Advantages of Farming

  Diversification helps boosts the farmers income when they use other ventures such as farm shops

  Wind farm development on farming land also generates extra income.

  GM crops can increase crop yields and improve resistance to disease

  The use of new machinery for example combine harvesters increase the speed of harvesting resulting in products being delivered faster meaning more income fir the farmer
• Disadvantages of farming

  Dry stone walls are damaged by tourists climbing over them and footpath erosion damages the natural landscape

  Rivers and lochs are polluted through the use of fertilisers and insecticides leaching into the rivers and lochs.

  Increased noise and air pollution from the large machinery disturbing neighbours and wildlife

  Loss of animal habitats from hedgerows being removed to accommodate large machinery and increased field size
• Factors affecting farmers in developing countries

  IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

  The use of fertilisers and pesticides increases crop yield which leads to increased profit for the farmer which can increase his standard of living

  Machines are expensive and not all farmers can afford them so they find it difficult to compete with those who can afford

  GENETIC MODIFICATION

  The poorest farmers can't afford GM seeds as they are too expensive so they get no benefit.

  Crops can be grown in harsh conditions such as thin soil this increases farmers crop yield which then increases the profit margin
• Physical causes of climate change

  Volcanic eruptions can impact global temperatures as large quantities of volcanic dust in atmosphere shield the earth from the suns energy lowering global temperatures

  Melting permafrost from Arctic areas can release large quantities of the greenhouse gas, methane.

  Fluctuations in solar activity over time can increase or decrease global temperatures
• Human causes of climate change

  Human factors include burning fossil fuels for transport, industry and power, producing carbon dioxide.

  Deforestation leads to increased levels in CO2 as there are fewer trees around to act as carbon stores

  Bomb testing creates large amount of smoke and dust in the atmosphere which shields, and therefore reduces the sun's energy at earths surface
• Methods to control heart disease

  Government making campaigns as '5 a day', banning smoking in public yet also raising the age for buying cigarettes to promote being healthy

  Introducing more advanced medical care such as giving early diagnoses so the disease can be prevented

  Encouraging exercise to all ages so the numbers of obesity can decrease

  Putting money into medical research, such as drugs, heart transplants to help people suffering with the disease

  Charity work e.g. British heart foundation raises awareness about heart disease and donated money for research.
• Physical/Human causes to malaria

  The presence of the female anopheles mosquito in order to transmit the disease

  Abundant waterfall to produce stagnant wafer for the mosquito to lay eggs

  A warm tropical climate temperatures from 15-40 'C for the eggs to develop and hatch

  Vegetation nearby to provide shade for the mosquito to hide and digest its blood meal.

  Countries which have low education levels are unaware of how to prevent the disease and so it continues to spread
• Methods to control malaria

  Insecticide treated bed nets pull over beds to stop mosquitos biting people in their sleep

  Drain breeding grounds get rid of stagnant water and reduce the number of mosquito eggs that survive

  Plant eucalyptus trees, these trees soak up the stagnant water reducing the areas for mosquito to breed

  Adding guppies to ponds and padi field grounds to eat the larvae

  Anti-malarial drugs to kill the parasite present in the body
• Cause of HIV/AIDS


  HIV can spread through unprotected sex if one of the partners has the virus

  HIV can be transmitted through drug needles and syringes that are contaminated with the virus

  Blood transfusions, when a person is given infected blood from a person with HIV

  A mother can pass on the disease interplacentally if she is pregnant and caught the disease

  Lack of education means many in developing countries don't know how to reduce the risk of infection

  Babies drinking breastmilk can be infected if the mother is carrying the disease it can be passed on
• Effects of HIV/AIDS


  AIDS is a debilitating disease which means that eventually those infected will not be able to work

  This lowers productivity and hampers development of a country

  This in turn leads to fewer jobs and less wealth in the country

  Children may be forced to look after parents meaning the next generation is educated, poorer & less healthy

  Lack of staff in schools means that many people don't receive enough education about AIDS

  The stigma for having HIV/AIDS can cause serious mental health issues and result in people refusing treatment