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biological explanations
genetic & neural
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Cards (18)
What do genetic explanations for crime suggest?
Offenders
inherit
genes
that
predispose
them
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What do twin studies illustrate about genetics and crime?
Higher
concordance rates
in
identical twins
(
MZ
)
35%
for MZ males,
13%
for
DZ
males
Suggests inherited behavior and traits
View source
Who studied over 3500 twin pairs in Denmark?
Karl Christiansen
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What was the concordance rate for identical twin males found by Christiansen?
35%
View source
What was the concordance rate for non-identical twin males found by Christiansen?
13%
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What did Raymond Crowe find about adopted children with criminal biological mothers?
50%
risk of a criminal record by
18
View source
What was the risk of a criminal record for adopted children without criminal biological mothers?
5%
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What did Jari Tiihonen's genetic analysis suggest about violent crime?
Two genes:
MAOA
and
CDH13
linked to violence
MAOA regulates
serotonin
, linked to
aggression
CDH13 linked to
substance abuse
and
ADHD
5-10%
of severe violent crime in
Finland
attributed to these genes
View source
What does the MAOA gene regulate?
Serotonin
in the brain
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What is the diathesis-stress model in relation to offending behavior?
Combination of
genetics
and
environmental triggers
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What are the characteristics of antisocial personality disorder (APD)?
Reduced emotional responses
Lack of empathy for others
Common among
convicted offenders
View source
Who conducted studies on the APD brain?
Adrian Raine
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What did Raine's studies find about the prefrontal cortex in individuals with APD?
Reduced
activity
in
the
prefrontal cortex
View source
What percentage reduction in grey matter volume did Raine find in the prefrontal cortex of APD individuals?
11%
View source
Who found that offenders with APD can experience empathy?
Christian Keysers
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What do mirror neurons suggest about empathy in offenders with APD?
Offenders
can
experience
empathy
sporadically
Empathy
activated
when asked to
empathize
Indicates a
neural
'switch'
for
empathy
View source
What happens to the empathy reaction in offenders with APD when they are prompted?
It activates controlled by
mirror neurons
View source
How does the empathy reaction of offenders with APD differ from non-offenders?
Offenders have a
neural switch
for empathy
View source
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