Memory

• What is the duration of sensory memory?

  Less than half a second
• What is the maximum duration of short-term memory without rehearsal?

  18 seconds
• How long can information last in long-term memory?

  Can last a lifetime
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?

  Around 7 items
• What does Miller's theory state about memory capacity?

  7 +/- 2 words or digits
• What type of coding is mainly used in short-term memory?

  Mainly acoustic coding
• What happens to unimportant information in short-term memory?

  It disappears
• What is the role of rehearsal in memory?

  It helps keep information in STM longer
• What are procedural memories?

  Knowing how (skills)
• What are declarative memories?

  Knowing that (facts and experiences)
• What is dual coding in learning?

  • Using verbal and visual coding simultaneously
  • Leads to better recall
• Who proposed the multi-store model of memory?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin
• What does the multi-store model suggest about memory?

  Memory is a series of stores
• What is the primary effect in memory research?

  Easier rehearsal into LTM with fewer items
• What is the recency effect in memory research?

  Due to STM's limited capacity
• What is a strength of the multi-store model?

  It can be successfully replicated
• What is a weakness of the multi-store model?

  It uses unrealistic word lists
• How can distractions affect memory transfer?

  They interfere with STM transfer to LTM
• What is a limitation of the multi-store model regarding long-term memory?

  It proposes only one long-term memory store
• What does cognitive psychology focus on?

  How we process, store, and respond to information
• What are the three processes of memory?

  1. Encoding: converting information to storage
  2. Storage: retaining information in memory
  3. Retrieval: recovering information when needed
• What is recognition in memory retrieval?

  Seeing an item and comparing it to memory
• What is free recall in memory retrieval?

  Recalling information with prompts or cues
• What are retrospective memories?

  Retaining information from the past
• What are prospective memories?

  Remembering to do things in the future
• What is coding in memory?

  The way information is stored in memory
• What types of coding are used in memory?

  Acoustic, semantic, iconic, haptic
• What did Jacob's digit span research find?

  Mean digit span is 9.3 numbers
• What is the duration of short-term memory according to Peterson and Peterson?

  Roughly 18 seconds
• How can repetition affect short-term memory duration?

  It can increase duration to 30 seconds
• What are the key aspects of memory duration, capacity, and coding?

  • Duration:
  • SR: < 0.5 seconds
  • STM: 18-30 seconds
  • LTM: Lifetime
  • Capacity:
  • STM: Limited (7 +/- 2)
  • LTM: Unlimited
  • Coding:
  • STM: Mainly acoustic
  • LTM: Mainly semantic
• What is the role of attention in memory?

  It transfers information to short-term memory
• What is the environmental sensory register?

  It gathers information from the 5 senses
• What is the relationship between STM and LTM?

  STM can activate older memories in LTM
• What can cause information to be lost from memory stores?

  Forgetting
• What is the implication of distractions on studying?

  They affect retention in STM
• What is the effect of emotional factors on memory?

  They can influence memory retention
• What is the significance of rehearsal in memory transfer?

  It aids in transferring from STM to LTM
• What is the nature of memory according to cognitive psychology?

  It focuses on processing, storing, and responding
• What is the role of environmental factors in memory?

  They can influence memory encoding and retrieval