New notes

• What was the aim of the study on shift work adaptation?

  To determine if light exposure prevents adaptation issues
• How many men participated in the shift work study?

  8 men
• What was the age range of the participants in the study?

  In their 20s
• What was the light exposure for the experimental group?

  700 to 12000 lux
• What did the control group experience in terms of light exposure?

  150 lux
• What activities did participants perform during their shifts?

  They did cognitive tests and reported alertness
• What was the treatment for the experimental group after their shift?

  They remained in the dark from 9 to 5 pm
• What biological measure indicated a change in the experimental group?

  Body temperature showed circadian rhythm adjustment
• How much did the circadian rhythms of the experimental group shift?

  Forward by over nine hours
• What was the result of alertness and cognitive tasks for the experimental group?

  They were similarly shifted
• What improvements were noted in the experimental group?

  Lower body temperature and better work performance
• What was a significant statistical finding between the control and experimental groups?

  The mean low point of body temperature was huge
• What was a limitation regarding the sample size of the study?

  It was very small and only men
• What extraneous variables were not fully controlled in the study?

  When they ate breakfast and sleep duration
• What are the key features of the multi-store model of memory?

  • Sensory register: very brief memory from senses
  • Short-term memory: immediate use, limited duration
  • Long-term memory: permanent storage, high capacity
  • Information transfer: attention and rehearsal needed
• What is the duration limit of short-term memory without rehearsal?

  18 seconds
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?

  Around 7 items
• What type of coding is primarily used in short-term memory?

  Acoustic coding
• What is the difference between procedural and declarative memories?

  Procedural is knowing how; declarative is knowing that
• What is the serial position effect as found by Murdock?

  • Primary effect: better recall of first items
  • Recency effect: better recall of last items
  • Middle items are recalled poorly
• What is a strength of Murdock's study on memory?

  It supports the multi-store model
• What is a weakness of Murdock's study?

  Used lists of words, not meaningful
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the multi-store model?

  Strengths:

  • Detailed description of short-term memory
  • Allows for experimental research

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Too simplistic and inflexible
  • Doesn't explain attention or forgetting
• What does the working memory model propose about short-term memory?

  It is a flexible active store for tasks
• What are the components of the working memory model?

  Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad
• What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?

  It manages attention and decision-making
• What does the phonological loop deal with?

  Auditory and acoustic information
• What is the capacity of the visuospatial sketchpad?

  4 objects
• What is the function of the episodic buffer?

  Combines sights and sounds into coherent episodes
• What evidence supports the working memory model?

  Patient KF had selective memory impairments
• What is trace decay in memory theory?

  Forgetting due to fading memory traces
• What does interference theory suggest about forgetting?

  Similar memories compete and disrupt each other
• What are the two types of interference?

  Proactive and retroactive interference
• What is the encoding specificity principle?

  Cues must match at encoding and retrieval
• What did Godden and Baddeley's study find about context-dependent cues?

  40% more words recalled in the same context
• What is state-dependent memory?

  Recall depends on internal cues like mood
• What is a limitation of context-dependent cues?

  Contexts must be very different for effects
• What are the two types of amnesia caused by brain damage?

  Retrograde and anterograde amnesia
• What is retroactive interference?

  New memories interfere with older memories
• What did Baddeley et al. find about word length effect?

  Memory span is related to word length