Chemistry of the environment (water)

• water covers about how any quarters of earth's surface?

  3
• a molecule with positive charge and negative charged regions

  polar molecule
• is more electronegative


  oxygen
• get a partial positive charge

  hydrogen atoms
• caused by oxygen end attracted to the hydrogen end of another H2O

  hydrogen bonding
• the ability of water has to flow upward against the force of gravity due to cohesion and adhesion

  capillary action
• sticking together of two like molecules

  cohesion
• sticking together of two unlike molecules

  adhesion
• a measure of the force necessary to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

  surface tension
• the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost before it actually changes the temperature

  specific heat
• water's heat of vaporization at water's boiling point?

  540 cal/g at 100C
• a measure of how compact the atoms or molecules are within a substance or how much mass there is in a given space(volume)

  density
• ions and hydrophilic substances dissolve easily in water
• determines transfer of heat and water molecules between the atmosphere and bodies of water

  higher heat of vaporization/evaporation
• 97 percent of the water on the Earth is?

  salt water
• how many percent is fresh water on Earth?

  3
• safe for drinking, cooking, bathing, and washing dishes

  potable water
• is contaminated with pollutants that include particulates from dirt, toxic metals, or bacteria that cause cholera


  non-potable water
• is the most convenient source of water for human activities, found in lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, and storage reservoir.

  surface water
• it is the fresh water found in the underground reservoirs known as aquifers

  ground water
• a cycle that includes all the water present on and in the earth

  hydrological cycle
• the conversion of liquid water into water vapor

  evaporation
• the process by which water is emitted from plants through the stomata

  transpiration
• the primary mechanism by which water is released from the atmosphere

  precipitation
• water that move laterally just below the ground surface

  interflow
• a substance often a liquid that is capable of dissolving one or more pure substances

  solvent
• a solid, liquid, or gas that dissolves in a solvent

  solute
• a homogeneous mixture of a solvent and one or more solutes

  solution
• a solution in which water is the solvent

  aqueous solution
• the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solution

  concentration
• is frequently used to express approximate concentrations of commercial chemicals of solid concentrations of sludges

  weight percent (P)
• defined as a concentration unit expressed by the number of moles of solute present in 1 liter of solution

  molarity (M)
• a substance, which when dissolved in water, releases protons

  acid
• example of weak acid

  acetic acid
• a substance that releases OH- or hydroxyl ions when added to water or an ion that combines with H=+ ions

  bases
• pH stands for?

  power of hydrogen
• pH formula?

  negative log of hydrogen ion concentration
• domestic and industiral wastes that are usually collected by a network of pipes or channels transmitted to a single point of discharge into the receiving water

  point sources
• are urban and agricultural runoff which has multiple discharge points

  nonpoint sources
• runoff from different sources can transport pollutants such as nitrogen from fertilizers, herbicides, oil, greases, and other organic debris

  storm water