Globalisation

• What is globalization primarily about?

  Interconnectedness of people and technology
• How can one decision in one country affect others?

  Through interconnected global processes
• What international process is driven through trade?

  Globalization
• How has globalization impacted crime according to Marxism?

  It has increased the prevalence of crime
• What shift has occurred in crime networks due to globalization?

  From local to global crime networks
• What has made it easier to commit crimes across nation states?

  Cheap travel and the internet
• How many victims of modern slavery were found in the UK?

  10,000-13,000 victims
• What drives modern slavery according to the study material?

  International gangs seeking profit
• What are key sectors affected by modern slavery?

  Food processing, agriculture, construction
• How do traffickers lure victims?

  With promises of jobs, education, and love
• Which countries are most likely sources of trafficking victims?

  Albania, Nigeria, Vietnam, Romania, Poland
• Who are typically the victims of modern slavery?

  Vulnerable, minorities, socially excluded groups
• What is the most common form of modern slavery reported in the UK?

  Sexual exploitation
• What does the Modern Slavery Act 2015 define as an offence?

  Holding someone in slavery or servitude
• What is the maximum jail time for modern slavery offences?

  14 years
• How many black market organ trafficking operations are estimated annually?

  10,000 operations
• How much do gangs earn from organ trafficking?

  Up to £200,000
• What is the typical organ involved in trafficking?

  Kidney transplants
• What is being collected as proof of legal organ trafficking?

  Evidence by networks of doctors
• Why do illicit products come from developing countries?

  Different legislation and supply-side economics
• How many shipping containers are mentioned in the study material?

  More than 420 million containers
• What are the implications of globalization on crime networks?

  • Shift from local to global networks
  • Easier cross-border crime
  • Increased complexity of law enforcement
• Who argues that corporations can manufacture fear?

  Beck
• How does Beck describe contemporary society?

  Characterized by real and imagined risks
• What facilitates coordinated responses to risks in society?

  Globalisation
• What organizations are mentioned as part of coordinated responses to criminality?

  Europol and Interpol
• What has capitalism created according to Taylor?

  Conditions for the spread of global crime
• How has globalisation affected criminal gangs?

  Facilitated the growth of de-centred gangs
• What is the term used for the Russian mafia brand?

  Mc Mafia
• What is more important in postmodernity according to the text?

  The brand or possession of the sign
• What does the Russian mafia brand lack according to the text?

  Material reality of being Russian or a mafia
• How do the Russian mafia operate according to the text?

  Both legitimately and non-legitimately
• Who discussed the emergence of organized crime in Russia and Eastern Europe?

  Glenny
• What coincided with the break-up of the Soviet Union according to Glenny?

  Deregulation of the global market
• What is the original cause of transnational organized crime according to Glenny?

  The break-up of the Soviet Union
• What event is linked to the emergence of organized crime in Russia?

  The fall of communism
• What year did the Soviet Union break up?

  1989
• What does the term "de-regulation" refer to in the context of Glenny's discussion?

  The reduction of government rules on markets
• How does the concept of postmodernity affect perceptions of crime brands?

  It blurs the lines between reality and perception